Passage 1đ
The Capture of Bukhara
Juwaini, a late-thirteenth-century Persian chronicler of the Mongol rulers of Iran, carried an account of the capture of Bukhara in 1220. After the conquest of the city, Juwaini reported, Genghis Khan went to the festival ground where the rich residents of the city were and addressed them: âO people know that you have committed great sins, and that the great ones among you have committed these sins. If you ask me what proof I have for these words, I say it is because I am the punishment of God. If you had not committed great sins, God would not have sent a punishment like me upon youâ⌠Now one man had escaped from Bukhara after its capture and had come to Khurasan. He was questioned about the fate of the city and replied: âThey came, they [mined the walls], they burnt, they slew, they plundered and they departed.â
Questions / Answer:
Question 1. Who was Juwaini, and what did he chronicle in the late thirteenth century?
Answer: Juwaini was a Persian chronicler who documented the Mongol rulers of Iran. In the late thirteenth century, he provided an account of the capture of Bukhara in 1220.
Question 2. What did Genghis Khan say to the rich residents of Bukhara after its conquest?
Answer: Genghis Khan addressed the rich residents at the festival ground, stating that they had committed great sins. He asserted himself as the punishment of God, claiming that if they hadn’t sinned, God would not have sent him as a punishment.
Question 3. What proof did Genghis Khan offer for his claim of being the punishment of God?
Answer: Genghis Khan justified his assertion by stating that the conquest itself was proof of the residents’ great sins. The fact that he, as a punishment, had been sent upon them by God was evidence of their wrongdoing.
Question 4. What happened to one man who escaped Bukhara after its capture, and where did he go?
Answer: One man managed to escape Bukhara after its capture and traveled to Khurasan.
Question 5. How did the man describe the fate of Bukhara after the Mongol conquest?
Answer: The man reported that the Mongols came to Bukhara, mined the walls, burned the city, slew its inhabitants, plundered its wealth, and then departed.
Passage 2đ
Estimated Extent of Mongol Destruction
All reports of Genghis Khanâs campaigns agree at the vast number of people killed following the capture of cities that defied his authority. The numbers are staggering: at the capture of Nishapur in 1220, 1,747,000 people were massacred while the toll at the rat in 1222 was 1,600,000 people and at Baghdad in 1258, 800,000. Smaller towns suffered proportionately: NASA, 70,000 dead; Baihaq district, 70,000; and at Tun in the Kuhistan province, 12,000 individuals were executed.
How did medieval chroniclers arrive at such figures?
Juwaini, the Persian chronicler of the Ilkhans stated that 1,300,000 people were killed in Merv. He reached the figure because it took thirteen days to count the dead and each day, they counted 100,000 corpses.
Questions / Answer:
Question 1. According to historical reports, what was the estimated death toll following the capture of Nishapur in 1220?
Answer: The estimated death toll following the capture of Nishapur in 1220 was 1,747,000 people.
Question 2. What figure is provided for the number of people massacred at Herat in 1222?
Answer: The number of people massacred at Herat in 1222 was estimated to be 1,600,000.
Question 3. What was the death toll reported at Baghdad in 1258 after its capture by Genghis Khan’s forces?
Answer: The death toll reported at Baghdad in 1258, following its capture, was 800,000 people.
Question 4. How did Juwaini, the Persian chronicler, arrive at the figure of 1,300,000 people killed in Merv?
Answer: Juwaini arrived at the figure of 1,300,000 people killed in Merv by counting the dead over thirteen days, with each day tallying 100,000 corpses.
Question 5. Provide examples of death tolls in smaller towns as mentioned in the passage.
Answer: Examples of death tolls in smaller towns include 70,000 dead in NASA, 70,000 in the Baihaq district, and 12,000 individuals executed in Tun in the Kuhistan province.
Passage 3đ
Ghazan Khanâs Speech
Ghazan Khan (1295-1304) was the first Il-Khanid ruler to convert to Islam. He gave the following speech to the Mongol-Turkish nomad commanders, a speech that was probably drafted by his Persian wazir Rashiduddin and included in the ministerâs letters:
âI am not on the side of the Persian peasantry. If there is a purpose in pillaging them all, there is no one with more power to do this than I. Let us rob them together. But if you wish to be certain of collecting grain and food for your tables in the future, I must be harsh with you. You must be taught reason. If you insult the peasantry, take their oxen and seed and trample their crops into the ground, what will you do in the future? ⌠The obedient peasantry must be distinguished from the peasantry who are rebelsâŚâ
Questions / Answer:
Question 1. Who was Ghazan Khan, and what is significant about his reign?
Answer: Ghazan Khan was the first Il-Khanid ruler to convert to Islam, reigning from 1295 to 1304. His conversion marked a significant shift in the Il-Khanid dynasty towards Islam.
Question 2. What was the likely role of Ghazan Khan’s Persian wazir Rashiduddin in the speech?
Answer: Rashiduddin, the Persian wazir, probably drafted the speech given by Ghazan Khan to the Mongol-Turkish nomad commanders, showcasing the influence of Persian advisors in the Il-Khanid court.
Question 3. According to Ghazan Khan’s speech, what stance did he take regarding the Persian peasantry?
Answer: Ghazan Khan declared that he was not on the side of the Persian peasantry, suggesting a willingness to pillage them. However, he emphasized the importance of reason and cautioned against mistreating the peasantry.
Question 4. What does Ghazan Khan urge the nomad commanders to do in order to ensure future access to food and grain?
Answer: Ghazan Khan urges the nomad commanders to refrain from insulting the peasantry, seizing their oxen and seed, or trampling their crops. He emphasizes the need for a more reasonable and sustainable approach to ensure a stable food supply.
Question 5. How does Ghazan Khan differentiate between the obedient and rebellious peasantry in his speech?
Answer: Ghazan Khan distinguishes between the obedient peasantry and those who are rebels. He likely emphasizes the importance of treating the peasantry differently based on their behavior and loyalty to avoid unnecessary conflicts.
Passage 4đ
Yasa
In 1221, after the conquest of Bukhara, Genghis Khan had assembled the rich Muslim residents at the festival ground and had admonished them. He called them sinners and warned them to compensate for their sins by parting with their hidden wealth. The episode was dramatic enough to be painted and for a long time afterwards people still remembered the incident. In the late sixteenth century, âAbdullah Khan, a distant descendant of Jochi, Genghis Khanâs eldest son, went to the same festival ground in Bukhara. Unlike Genghis Khan, however, âAbdullah Khan went to perform his holiday prayers there. His chronicler, Hafiz-i Tarnish, reported this performance of Muslim piety by his master and included the surprising comment: âthis was according to the Yasa of Genghis Khanâ.
Questions / Answer:
Question 1.What happened at the festival ground in Bukhara after Genghis Khan’s conquest in 1221?
Answer: After the conquest of Bukhara, Genghis Khan gathered the rich Muslim residents at the festival ground, admonishing them for their sins. He labeled them as sinners and urged them to compensate for their sins by revealing their hidden wealth.
Question 2. How did Genghis Khan describe the residents of Bukhara during his admonishment?
Answer: Genghis Khan referred to the rich Muslim residents of Bukhara as sinners and warned them about the consequences of their actions.
Question 3. What did Genghis Khan instruct the wealthy residents of Bukhara to do in order to compensate for their sins?
Answer: Genghis Khan instructed the wealthy residents to part with their hidden wealth as a way to compensate for their sins.
Question 4. Who, in the late sixteenth century, went to the same festival ground in Bukhara, and for what purpose?
Answer: In the late sixteenth century, ‘Abdullah Khan, a distant descendant of Jochi (Genghis Khan’s eldest son), went to the festival ground in Bukhara. Unlike Genghis Khan, ‘Abdullah Khan went there to perform his holiday prayers.
Question 5. According to the chronicler Hafiz-i Tanish, what surprising comment did he make about ‘Abdullah Khan’s actions in Bukhara?
Answer: Hafiz-i Tanish reported that ‘Abdullah Khan’s performance of holiday prayers in Bukhara was “according to the Yasa of Genghis Khan,” indicating that it was in accordance with Genghis Khan’s laws or traditions.
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