Short questions and answers
1.What are the pillars of India’s foreign policy?
Answer:The pillars of India’s foreign policy are political solidarity, economic development, military self-reliance, and cultural identity.
2.Who formulated the principles of India’s foreign policy?
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, played a significant role in formulating the principles of India’s foreign policy.
3.What is meant by the term “Non-Alignment” in India’s foreign policy?
Answer: Non-alignment refers to India’s decision to not align itself with any major power bloc during the Cold War era.
4.What role does India play in the United Nations?
Answer: India is an active member of the United Nations and has contributed to peacekeeping operations, humanitarian assistance, and advocating for global issues like climate change and terrorism.
5.How does India approach its relationship with its neighboring countries?
Answer: India aims for peaceful and cooperative relations with its neighboring countries based on the principles of mutual respect and non-interference in internal affairs.
6.What is the significance of SAARC in India’s foreign policy?
Answer: SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) is significant for India as it aims to promote regional cooperation and economic integration among South Asian countries.
7.How does India engage with regional organizations beyond SAARC?
Answer: India engages with regional organizations like ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) to enhance regional cooperation and connectivity.
8.What role does India play in global trade and commerce?
Answer: India participates actively in international trade and commerce through organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) and seeks to expand its economic ties with various countries through bilateral and multilateral agreements.
9.How does India address issues of global importance such as climate change?
Answer: India advocates for sustainable development and takes part in international efforts to address issues like climate change through agreements like the Paris Agreement.
10.What is India’s stance on nuclear disarmament?
Answer:India supports global nuclear disarmament but maintains a policy of credible minimum deterrence to ensure its national security interests.
11.How does India deal with cross-border terrorism?
Answer: India strongly opposes cross-border terrorism and seeks international cooperation to combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
12.What is India’s approach to its relationship with major powers like the United States, Russia, and China?
Answer: India maintains strategic autonomy in its relations with major powers and seeks to engage with them based on mutual interests while safeguarding its national sovereignty.
13.How does India use cultural diplomacy in its foreign relations?
Answer: India promotes its cultural heritage, including yoga, Ayurveda, and traditional arts, to enhance people-to-people ties and strengthen diplomatic relations with other countries.
14.How does India contribute to peacekeeping efforts globally?
Answer: India is one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping missions, deploying its military personnel to conflict zones to maintain peace and stability.
15.What challenges does India face in its external relations?
Answer: India faces challenges such as border disputes, terrorism, regional instability, and competition for resources in its external relations, requiring diplomatic strategies to address these issues effectively.
Long questions and answers
1. What were the major principles guiding India’s foreign policy formulation after independence? Discuss the significance of non-alignment, Panchsheel, and the Nehruvian approach in shaping India’s external relations.
Answer: India’s foreign policy after independence was guided by principles such as non-alignment, Panchsheel (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence), and the Nehruvian approach. Non-alignment sought to maintain independence and autonomy in international relations, avoiding alignment with any major power blocs. Panchsheel emphasized peaceful coexistence and mutual respect in diplomatic interactions.
The Nehruvian approach prioritized decolonization, promoting international cooperation, and advocating for Third World solidarity, reflecting India’s commitment to anti-imperialism and global peace.
2. Analyze India’s role in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and its contribution to shaping global politics during the Cold War era. How did NAM influence India’s foreign policy objectives and alliances?
Answer: India played a significant role in founding the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), advocating for a neutral stance in the Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. NAM provided a platform for newly independent nations to assert their autonomy and promote global peace and development.
India’s involvement in NAM influenced its foreign policy objectives by prioritizing cooperation among developing countries, fostering South-South solidarity, and championing issues such as decolonization, disarmament, and economic justice.
3. Discuss India’s approach towards regional cooperation and integration in South Asia. Evaluate the successes and challenges faced by initiatives such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in promoting regional peace, stability, and development.
Answer: India has pursued regional cooperation and integration in South Asia through initiatives like SAARC. While SAARC has made some progress in areas such as trade liberalization and cultural exchanges, it has faced challenges due to political tensions, bilateral disputes, and unequal development among member states.
India’s leadership role in SAARC reflects its commitment to fostering regional peace, stability, and economic integration, despite impediments to achieving the organization’s full potential.
4. Assess India’s evolving relationship with the United States since independence. How did factors such as the Cold War, nuclear proliferation concerns, and economic globalization shape bilateral ties between India and the US?
Answer: India’s relationship with the United States has evolved significantly since independence, influenced by factors such as the Cold War dynamics, nuclear proliferation concerns, and economic globalization. Initially, India maintained a cautious distance from the US due to Cold War alignments and perceived imperialism.
However, the end of the Cold War, coupled with economic liberalization in India, paved the way for closer ties, particularly in trade, defense cooperation, and strategic partnerships. Despite occasional differences, both countries have sought to deepen their engagement in various fields, reflecting converging interests and shared democratic values.
5. Examine India’s strategic engagement with neighboring countries such as Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. How have historical, cultural, and geopolitical factors shaped India’s bilateral relations with its immediate neighbors?
Answer: India’s strategic engagement with neighboring countries like Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka has been influenced by historical, cultural, and geopolitical factors. Historical ties, shared cultural heritage, and geographical proximity have traditionally shaped India’s relations with its neighbors. However, these relationships have also been characterized by complexities, including border disputes, refugee crises, and regional power dynamics. India’s efforts to foster cooperation and address common challenges underscore its commitment to maintaining stability and promoting mutual prosperity in the region.
6. Evaluate India’s role in promoting peace and stability in the Indian Ocean region. How has India utilized diplomatic, economic, and military means to safeguard its maritime interests and contribute to regional security?
Answer: India plays a significant role in promoting peace and stability in the Indian Ocean region, given its strategic location and maritime interests. Through diplomatic engagements, economic partnerships, and military cooperation, India seeks to enhance maritime security, combat piracy, and ensure freedom of navigation.
Initiatives such as the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and naval exercises reflect India’s commitment to fostering multilateral cooperation and addressing shared challenges in the region.
7. Analyze India’s engagement with international organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and its specialized agencies. How has India contributed to global governance, peacekeeping operations, and development assistance through its participation in multilateral forums?
Answer: India has been actively engaged in international organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and its specialized agencies, contributing to global governance, peacekeeping operations, and development assistance. As a founding member of the UN, India has consistently advocated for reforming international institutions to better represent the interests of developing countries.
India’s participation in peacekeeping missions underscores its commitment to maintaining global peace and security. Additionally, India has provided development assistance to fellow developing countries, reflecting its solidarity with the Global South and its commitment to South-South cooperation.
8. Discuss India’s nuclear policy and its implications for regional and global security. How has India’s nuclear doctrine evolved since its nuclear tests in 1998, and what are the key principles guiding its nuclear posture?
Answer: India’s nuclear policy has significant implications for regional and global security. Following its nuclear tests in 1998, India declared a doctrine of credible minimum deterrence, emphasizing a no-first-use policy and retaliatory nuclear strikes in response to aggression.
India’s nuclear posture seeks to maintain strategic stability and deterrence while advocating for global nuclear disarmament. However, concerns persist regarding nuclear proliferation, arms control, and the risk of nuclear conflict, underscoring the importance of responsible nuclear stewardship and diplomatic engagement to address these challenges.
9. Assess India’s response to transnational threats such as terrorism, climate change, and pandemics. How has India collaborated with the international community to address these global challenges, and what are the key obstacles hindering effective cooperation?
Answer: India has responded to transnational threats such as terrorism, climate change, and pandemics through domestic measures and international collaboration.
India has cooperated with the international community in sharing intelligence, conducting counter terrorism operations, and advocating for multilateral action against terrorist organizations. Similarly, India has engaged in global climate negotiations, committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and participated in initiatives to mitigate climate change impacts. However, obstacles such as geopolitical rivalries, resource constraints, and divergent national interests have hampered effective cooperation, underscoring the need for enhanced multilateralism and collective action to address these shared challenges.
10. Reflect on the future trajectory of India’s external relations in the context of emerging geopolitical dynamics and global uncertainties. How can India leverage its diplomatic, economic, and soft power resources to navigate complex regional and international landscapes and advance its national interests?
Answer: The future trajectory of India’s external relations will be shaped by emerging geopolitical dynamics, global uncertainties, and India’s evolving role as a rising power.
India can leverage its diplomatic, economic, and soft power resources to foster strategic partnerships, promote regional stability, and address global challenges such as climate change, terrorism, and pandemics.
By engaging proactively in multilateral forums, strengthening bilateral ties with key partners, and promoting a vision of inclusive and cooperative international order, India can advance its national interests while contributing to a more peaceful, prosperous, and sustainable world.
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