Learning Objectives:
- European Impartation
- North America
- Encounters with Europeans
- Mutual Perceptions
- The Native Peoples Lose their Land
- The Gold Rush and Growth of Industries
- Constitutional Rights
- The Winds of Change
- Australia
European Impartation
- The Spanish and Portuguese empires stalled expansion after the 17th century.
- Countries like France, Holland, and Britain expanded trade and colonies in America, Africa, and Asia.
- Ireland was effectively an English colony, controlled by English settlers.
- Profit-driven motives led to colonial establishment, with varying control over territories.
- Trading companies gained political power in South Asia, managing administration, taxes, and transportation.
- Africa was divided among Europeans into colonies.
Names given by Europeans to Countries of the ‘New World’:
- America: Named after Amerigo Vespucci.
- Canada: Derived from “kanata,” meaning ‘village’ in Huron Iroquois.
- Australia: Named from the Latin “austral,” meaning ‘south.’
- New Zealand: Named by Tasman after sighting the islands.
North America: The Native Peoples
- Indigenous peoples migrated from Asia via a land bridge across the Bering Straits 30,000 years ago.
- They lived along river valleys, practiced subsistence farming, and shared goods through gifts rather than trade.
- They had rich oral traditions but no written languages.
- Initially friendly to Europeans, they exchanged local products for European goods like guns and alcohol.
Encounters with Europeans
- Different terms are used for native peoples:
- Aborigine: Indigenous Australians
- American Indian: Indigenous peoples of the Americas
- First Nations: Recognized native groups in Canada
- Indigenous people: Those belonging naturally to a place
- Aborigine: Indigenous Australians
Mutual Perceptions
- Europeans viewed natives as uncivilized while natives saw their exchanges as gifts rather than trade.
- Natives struggled with European trading practices and were discontent with the overhunting of animals for fur.
- European settlers altered landscapes, viewing forests as resources to be converted into farmland.
The Native Peoples Lose Their Land
- As settlements expanded, natives were coerced into selling their land at low prices or through deceitful treaties.
- U.S. officials often disregarded the rights of native peoples, including key judgments favoring Cherokee sovereignty.
- President Andrew Jackson ordered the eviction of Cherokees, leading to the tragic Trail of Tears, where many died during forced relocation.
The Gold Rush and Growth of Industries
- In the 1840s, gold was discovered in California, sparking a massive Gold Rush.
- This led to railway construction, industrial growth, and economic transformation, making the U.S. a leading industrial power by 1890.
Constitutional Rights
- The American colonies declared war for independence in 1776, emphasizing democratic ideals.
- Native Americans were excluded from voting and property rights, with rights largely reserved for white settlers.
The Winds of Change
- From the 1920s, attitudes shifted, with increasing sympathy for native peoples in the U.S. and Canada.
- The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 allowed natives to buy land and secure loans.
- In the 1980s, Canada recognized existing aboriginal rights in the Constitution Act.
Australia
- Dutch explorer Williem Jansz reached Australia in 1606, followed by James Cook in 1770.
- Indigenous peoples, including Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders, have lived in Australia for thousands of years.
- By the late 18th century, hundreds of native communities existed, each with its own language.
The Winds of Change in Australia
- The Great Australian Silence was highlighted in a 1968 lecture by anthropologist W.E.H. Stanner, calling attention to the neglect of indigenous history.
- The ‘White Australia’ policy ended in the 1970s, allowing multiculturalism to flourish.
- Landmark decisions in the 1990s recognized native land claims and acknowledged historical injustices, including the National Sorry Day for lost children.
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