International Context or Relations
- After independence India faced the twin challenges of Welfare and Democracy.
- In post-independence period, India faced many challenges to make a strong foreign policy.
- Moreover, India started participating in the world affairs as an independent nation state with the overall context like the legacy of many international disputes left by the British, pressures created by partition and poverty alleviation.
- India shaped its foreign relations with an aim to respect the sovereignty of all other nations and to achieve security through the maintenance of peace.
- In post Second World War period, world politics led to the division of countries of the world into two clear camps-one under the United States and other under the Soviet Union.
The Policy of Non-Alignment
- The Indian national movement was not an isolated process. It was a part of the worldwide struggle against colonialism and imperialism. It influenced the liberation movements of many Asian and African countries.
- The Cold War era marked the political, economic and military confrontation at the global level between the two blocs led by the superpowers, the US and the USSR.
- The creation of the Indian National Army (INA) by Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose during the Second World War was the clearest manifestation of the linkages established between India and overseas Indians during the freedom struggle.
- Along with this in other prevailing world politics Indian leadership was in the direction to pursue its national interests with these international contexts.
Nehru’s Role
- Nehru exercised foreign policy from 1946 to 1964. The three major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy were to preserve the hard-earned sovereignty, protect territorial integrity and promote rapid economic development.
- Despite the fact that many leaders from India, wanted India to follow a pro-US foreign policy; Nehru wished to achieve his objectives of foreign policy through the strategy of non-alignment.
Distance from Two Camps
- India wanted to keep away from the military alliances led by US and Soviet Union against each other. The US was not happy about India’s independent initiatives the policy of non-alignment.
- During 1950s India took an independent stand on various international issues and could get aid and assistance from members of both power blocs.
- India’s independent stand and her growing relations with USSR hurt the sentiments of USA. Therefore, there was a considerable unease in Indo-US relations during 1950s.
Afro-Asian Unity
- Nehru era marked the establishment of contacts between India and other newly independent states in Asia and Africa.
- Under the leadership of Nehru, India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947.
- India supported the process of decolonization and opposed racism, especially apartheid in South Africa.
- The Afro-Asian Conference held in the Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955 which is known as Bandung Conference and marked the establishment of the NAM.
- The first summit of the NAM was held in Belgrade in September 1961.
Peace and Conflict with China
- Independent India began its relationship with China on a friendly note as India was one of the first countries to recognize the communist government.
- Some of Nehru’s colleagues like Vallabhbhai Patel, were worried about possible Chinese aggression in future but Nehru thought it was exceedingly unlikely that India will face an attack from China.
- Panchsheel (The five principles of peaceful co-existence) Agreement signed between Indian Prime Minister Nehru and the Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai on 29th April, 1954 was a step in the direction of stronger relationship between two.
Tibet
- Tibet, a plateau of the Central Asian region, is one of the major issues that historically caused tension between India and China.
- After the Panchsheel Agreement of 1954 India conceded China’s claim over Tibet.
- In 1959, the Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama was given asylum (refuge) by India which worsened the relations between both countries.
The Chinese Invasion, 1962
- China annexed Tibet in 1950 and removed historical buffer between two countries. The issue of Dalai Lama added fuel to the fire.
- China claimed two areas within the Indian territory: Aksai-Chin area in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir and state of Arunachal
Pradesh in North Eastern Frontier Agency (NEFA). - China launched a swift and massive invasion in October 1962 on both the disputed areas.
- The China war dented India’s image at home and abroad.
- The Sino-Indian conflict and the growing rift between China and the Soviet Union created irreconcilable differences within the Communist Party of India (CPI). The Pro-USSR faction remained within the CPI and moved towards closer ties with the Congress.
Wars and Peace with Pakistan
- The conflict started with Pakistan just after independence over the dispute on Kashmir.
- The India-Pakistan Indus Waters Treaty was signed by Nehru and General Ayub Khan in 1960 which has worked well despite all ups and downs in the Indo-Pak relations.
- In April 1965, Pakistan launched armed attacks in the Rann of Kutch area of Gujarat which was followed by a bigger offensive in Jammu and Kashmir in August-September.
- The hostilities came to an end with the UN intervention. Indian Prime Minister Lai Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan’s General Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent Agreement, brokered by the Soviet Union, in January 1966.
Bangladesh War, 1971
- In a dramatic internal politics during 1970 the East and West Pakistani rulers were not willing to accept the democratic verdict.
- Throughout 1971, India had to bear the burden of about 80 lakh refugees who moved to East Pakistan and took shelter in the neighbouring areas in India.
- After months of diplomatic tension and military build-up, a full-scale war between India and Pakistan broke out in December 1971.
- On 3rd July, 1972 the Shimla Agreement was signed between Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
India’s Nuclear Policy
- The first nuclear explosion undertaken by India in May 1974.
- In India nuclear programme was initiated in the late 1940s under the guidance of Homi J. Bhabha.
- Nehru was against nuclear weapons and India wanted to generate atomic energy for peaceful purposes.
- The five permanent members of the UN security council-tried to impose the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 on the rest of the world.
- India always considered the NPT as discriminatory and had refused to sign it.
- India conducted a series of nuclear tests in May 1998, demonstrating its capacity to use nuclear energy for military purposes.
- India’s nuclear policy has always been peace-oriented, whose clear impression is reflected in the policy of No First Use.
- But in view of contemporary regional security challenges, the present government led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has made it clear that the policy of no first use can be reviewed and changed in consonance with India’s regional and national security.
- In addition, India is committed to ensuring its membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and opposing partisan and unjust nuclear treaties like CTBT and NPT.
India-Israel Relations
- Nearly 45 years after independence, due to various reasons, India’s foreign policy in the Middle East region, now called West Asian region, and India’s relations with West Asian countries were mainly concentrated with Islamic countries.
- During this period India’s attitude towards Israel, the only non-Islamic nation in the region, remained unexplored notwithstanding the two nations gaining independence from the British colonial rule in 1947 and 1948 respectively.
- Though historical and cultural ties between India and Israel have gone back from times immemorial, diplomatic relations formally developed between the two after the opening of Israeli embassy in India in 1992.
- But even after the establishment of formal diplomatic relations, the relations between the two countries started gaining firmness only after the formation of the BJP-led NDA Governments in 1996 and 1998 onwards.
- Relations between the two democratic nations further intensified with the visits of the Two Heads of Government: Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Israel in 2017 and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to India in 2018.
- The two nations have started cooperation in various fields like cultural exchange, security and defense, counterterrorism, space research, water and energy and agricultural development.
WORDS THAT MATTER
- Non-alignment: A policy not to join any military alliances created due to cold war.
- Foreign Policy: It is an interplay of domestic and external factors of a nation.
- Panchsheel: Five principles of peaceful co-existence to be signed in 1954 between India and China.
- Bandung Conference: An Afro-Asian conference in Bandung in 1955 to establish NAM and India’s engagement with Asian and African nations.
- NEFA: North-Eastern Frontier Agency known much of the state of Arunachal Pradesh in 1960s.
📚 Why NCERT Solutions for Class 12th Political Science ✨
Political Science is not just about learning story or writing essays—it’s about developing an appreciation for stories, poems, and ideas. 🌈 Our solutions help students understand moral lessons, improve reading comprehension, and build their vocabulary. 📖 Each chapter’s summary and answers are explained in a way that’s easy to follow, making exam preparation a breeze! 🌟
Clear Your Doubts with CBSEJanta.com 🔍
Visit CBSEJanta.com to access detailed solutions for every chapter in your Class 12 Political Science textbook! 📚 These solutions not only help you answer questions but also enhance your overall understanding of stories and grammar concepts. 💡
Download Our App for Easy Access 📱
Want to study on the go? 🚀 Download our app for instant access to Class 12 Political Science NCERT solutions, practice questions, and much more! Whether at home or traveling, you can easily prepare for your exams and boost your English skills with CBSEJanta.com. 🌍
Always Thinks for Students ❤️
“Excel in Class 12th Political Science with CBSEJanta.com! 🌟 Get FREE NCERT solutions for Honeysuckle and A Pact with the Sun. Visit CBSEJanta.com now or download our app for instant access to solutions and extra practice!” 📲
