Passage 1
The testimony of an indentured labourer
Extract from the testimony of Ram Narain Tewary, an indentured labourer who spent ten years on Demerara in the early twentieth century. ‘… in spite of my best efforts, I could not properly do the works that were allotted to me … In a few days I got my hands bruised all over and I could not go to work for a week for which I was prosecuted and sent to jail for 14 days. … new emigrants find the tasks allotted to them extremely heavy and cannot complete them in a day. … Deductions are also made from wages if the work is considered to have been done unsatisfactorily. Many people cannot therefore earn their full wages and are punished in various ways. In fact, the labourers have to spend their period of indenture in great trouble …’
Questions / Answer:
Question 1: What difficulties did Ram Narain Tewary face while performing his assigned tasks as an indentured laborer?
Answer: Ram Narain Tewary faced challenges in properly completing the allotted work, resulting in bruised hands that prevented him from working for a week. Despite his best efforts, he struggled to meet the demands of his tasks.
Question 2: How did Tewary’s inability to complete his work lead to legal consequences?
Answer: Tewary’s inability to work due to his bruised hands resulted in him being prosecuted and sent to jail for 14 days, illustrating the punitive measures faced by indentured laborers who failed to fulfill their obligations.
Question 3: What difficulties did new emigrants encounter with the tasks assigned to them?
Answer: New emigrants found the tasks allotted to them to be extremely heavy and were unable to complete them within a day, indicating the physical demands and challenges faced by laborers upon arrival.
Question 4: How were deductions made from wages if the work was deemed unsatisfactory?
Answer: Deductions were made from wages if the work was considered unsatisfactory, leading to many laborers being unable to earn their full wages and facing various forms of punishment as a result.
Question 5: What overall hardships did indentured laborers like Tewary endure during their period of indenture?
Answer: Indentured laborers like Tewary experienced great trouble during their period of indenture, struggling with heavy tasks, facing deductions from wages, and enduring various forms of punishment for unsatisfactory work performance.
Passage 2
Sir Henry Morton Stanley in Central Africa Stanley was a journalist and explorer sent by the New York Herald to find Livingston, a missionary and explorer who had been in Africa for several years. Like other European and American explorers of the time, Stanley went with arms, mobilized local hunters, warriors and labourers to help him, fought with local tribes, investigated African terrains, and mapped different regions. These explorations helped the conquest of Africa. Geographical explorations were not driven by an innocent search for scientific information. They were directly linked to imperial projects.
Questions / Answer:
Question 1: What was Sir Henry Morton Stanley’s mission in Central Africa?
Answer: Stanley was sent by the New York Herald to find Dr. Livingstone, a missionary and explorer who had been in Africa for several years.
Question 2: How did Stanley conduct his explorations in Central Africa?
Answer: Stanley, like other European and American explorers of the time, went with arms, mobilized local hunters, warriors, and laborers to assist him, engaged in conflicts with local tribes, investigated African terrains, and mapped different regions.
Question 3: What was the purpose of mobilizing local hunters, warriors, and laborers for Stanley’s expedition?
Answer: Stanley mobilized local individuals to assist him in his explorations, likely for their knowledge of the terrain, expertise in hunting, and manpower for various tasks.
Question 4: How were Stanley’s explorations in Central Africa connected to imperial projects?
Answer: Geographical explorations, including Stanley’s, were not merely innocent searches for scientific information but were directly linked to imperial projects. They served the interests of European powers seeking to expand their influence and control over African territories.
Question 5: What role did Stanley’s explorations play in the conquest of Africa?
Answer: Stanley’s explorations, along with those of other European and American explorers, contributed to the conquest of Africa by providing crucial geographical knowledge, facilitating the expansion of colonial powers into previously unexplored regions.
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