Question 1: Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantaged in India.
Answer.
Women in India face discrimination in:
- Literacy: Women’s literacy rate is 65.46%, compared to 82.14% for men.
- Higher Education: Girls often drop out of school due to resource prioritization for boys.
- Access to High-Paying Jobs: Women are underrepresented in high-paying positions despite working longer hours.
- Equal Remuneration: Despite the Equal Remuneration Act of 1976, women are paid less for the same work as men.
- Sex Ratio: India’s sex ratio is 107.48 males per 100 females, indicating gender imbalance.
Question 2: State different forms of communal politics with one example each.
Answer.
Different forms of communal politics:
- Religious Prejudices and Stereotypes: Belief in one’s religion’s superiority, often spread by militant religious groups.
- Quest for Political Dominance: Majoritarianism, where one religion aims for political dominance, causing rifts between religiously-based political parties.
- Political Mobilization on Religious Lines: Seen during elections, with parties mobilizing along religious lines, often using hate speech.
- Communal Violence: Riots based on religious sentiments, escalating tensions between communities.
Question 3: State how caste inequalities are still continuing in India.
Answer.
According to the NSSO:
- Economic Status: Caste-based economic disparities persist. ‘Upper’ castes tend to fare better economically, while Dalits and Adivasis face greater economic challenges, with backward classes positioned in between.
- Poverty Levels: Extreme poverty rates, despite affecting all castes to some extent, disproportionately impact lower castes, with higher rates among Dalits and Adivasis compared to upper castes, and intermediate rates among backward classes.
Question 4: State two reasons to say that caste alone cannot determine election results in India.
Answer.
Two reasons why caste alone can’t determine election results in India:
- Diverse Constituencies: Indian parliamentary constituencies lack a single-caste majority, requiring candidates to appeal to multiple castes and communities.
- Vote Bank Dynamics: Parties associated with specific castes don’t always secure all votes from that caste. “Vote bank” signifies significant support from a caste for a party, not unanimous voting.
Question 5: What is the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies?
Answer.
More than 10 lakh women serve as representatives in rural and urban local bodies. Women’s groups push for one-third reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, akin to local bodies. However, a decade-long pending bill remains unpassed due to lack of consensus among political parties.
Question 6: Mention any two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state.
Answer.
The fundamental right to freedom of religion permits individuals to practice, profess, and propagate any religion. Furthermore, the constitution’s fundamental right to equality bars discrimination based on religion.
Question 7: When we speak of gender divisions, we usually refer to:
- Biological differences between men and women
- Unequal roles assigned by society to men and women
- Unequal child sex ratio
- Absence of voting rights for women in democracies
Answer.
(b) Unequal roles assigned by society to men and women
Question 8: In India, seats are reserved for women in
- Lok Sabha
- State legislative assemblies
- Cabinets
- Panchayati Raj bodies
Answer.
(d) Panchayati Raj bodies
Question 9: Consider the following statements on the meaning of communal politics. Communal politics is based on the belief that:
- One religion is superior to that of others.
- People belonging to different religions can live together happily as equal citizens.
- Followers of a particular religion constitute one community.
- State power cannot be used to establish the domination of one religious group over others.
Which of the statements is/are correct?
- A, B, C, and D
- A, B, and D
- A and C
- B and D
Answer.
(c) A and C
Question 10: Which among the following statements about India’s Constitution is wrong? It
- prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
- gives official status to one religion.
- provides to all individuals freedom to profess any religion.
- ensures equality of citizens within religious communities.
Answer.
(b) gives official status to one religion.
Question 11: Social divisions based on _________ are peculiar to India.
Answer.
caste
Question 12: Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:
| List I | List II | |
| 1. | A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men | A. Communalist |
| 2. | A person who says that religion is the principal basis of community | B. Feminist |
| 3. | A person who thinks that caste is the principal basis of community | C. Secularist |
| 4. | A person who does not discriminate others on the basis of religious beliefs | D. Castiest |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| (a) | B | C | A | D |
| (b) | B | A | D | C |
| (c) | D | C | A | B |
| (d) | C | A | B | D |
Answer.
| (b) | B | A | D | C |
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