1.Mention the main recommendation of the State Reorganisation Commission of 1953.
OR
What was the basis of the report of the States Reorganisation Commission?
Answer: The basis of report of the States Reorganisation Commission was that the boundaries of the states should reflect boundaries of different languages.
2.What is the ‘Two Nation Theory’ advanced by Muslim League?
Answer: According to the ‘Two-Nation Theory’, India consisted of not one but two ‘people’, Hindus and Muslims. That is why it demanded Pakistan, a separate country for the Muslims.
3.Which four princely states of India initially resisted to join the Indian Union?
Answer: Princely states of Junagadh, Hyderabad, Kashmir and Manipur initially resisted to join the Indian Union.
4.What was the huge obstacle in nation building at the time of India’s independence?
OR
What was the biggest obstacle in nation building at the time of India’s independence?
Answer: The huge obstacle in nation building at the time of India’s independence was to shape a nation that was united, yet accommodative of the diversity in our society.
5.Why were the states reorganized on linguistic basis in India in 1956?
Answer: The states were reorganized on linguistic basis under the pressure of people and leaders and also it helped to preserve the diverse culture of India.
6.Which two princely states refused to join either Pakistan or India at the time of Independence?
Answer: Hyderabad, Junagadh and Kashmir refused to join either Pakistan or India at the time of Independence.
7.What do you understand by ‘instrument of accession’?
Answer: The ‘Instrument of accession’ was a legal document created in 1947. It was executed by Government of India to princely states which was signed by most of the rulers.
8.“Free India was born in very difficult circumstances.” Justify the statement with any two suitable arguments.
Answer:There is no doubt that Free India was born in very difficult circumstances
9.Explain the role of the state Reorganization commission.
Answer: After Independence, states were reorganized on a linguistic basis. On the basis of reports of the States Reorganisation Commission, the States Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956 which le dto the creation of 14 States and six Union Territories.
10.Assess the commonly agreed upon two goals visualized by the Indians during the national movement which have been fulfilled after independence.
Answer:
1. There will be a democratic government in the country.
2. The government will be run for the good of all.
11.“The partition of India appeared so Prove everyone in worst fears”. How far do you agree with this statement?
Answer: The partition of India proved wrong bad for everyone because for most of them it paved the way for sorrow and problems. The partition initiated riots, loots, and killings. On both sides of the borders, there were continuous tensions with threats to lives and money materialistic things.
(2 Marks)
1.While the rest of the country was reorganized on linguistic lines in 1950s, why had Punjab to wait till 1966?
Answer: Except Punjab rest of the country was reorganized on linguistic lines in 1950s. Punjab had to wait till 1966 due to following reasons :
In Punjab, there were two linguistic groups, Hindi-speaking and Punjabi-speaking.
The Punjabi-speaking people demanded a separate state. Finally in 1966 Haryana and Himachal Pradesh were separated from Punjab.
2.Identify any two consequences of the partition of India in 1947.
OR
Highlight any two outcomes of partition or division of India into India and Pakistan,
Answer: Two consequences of the partition of India in 1947 are following:
There were killings and atrocities on both sides of the border.
Political division of the country led to the administrative failure..
3.What is meant by ‘Two Nation Theory’? (Delhi 2014)
Answer: The ‘Two Nation Theory’ means the cultural, political, religious, economic and social dissimilarities between the two major communities living in India; Hindus and Muslim. This theory gave rise the demand of two separate countries/nations one for Muslims (Pakistan) and one for Hindus (India).
4.Name the original states from which the following states were carved out.
(i) Meghalaya
(ii) Gujarat
Answer: Meghalaya was carved out from Assam in 1972. Gujarat was carved out from Bombay state in 1960.
5.What two challenges were faced by India at the time of her independence?
OR
Mention any two challenges that India faced just after independence.
OR
Mention any two challenges that India faced just after independence.
Answer: The two challenges faced by India just after independence were:
Challenge to shape a nation which is accommodative of the diversity in our society.
Challenge to establish democracy.
Challenge to ensure development and well-being of the entire society.
6.What was meant by princely states? How many princely states were there in India at the time of independence?
Answer: During colonial period there were several large and small states ruled by princes were called Princely States. There were 565 princely states at the time of independence.
7.Name the leader who played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers of Princely States to join the Indian Union.
Answer: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers of Princely States to join the Indian Union.
8.Name the leader of the freedom movement of India, who was popularly known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’?
Answer: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.
9.Justify the reorganization of states in India on a language basis by giving one suitable argument.
Answer: The various states of India reorganize on the basis of language so that, the country could be reflected without affecting the unity of the Nation.
10.When and by whom was the ‘Tryst with Destiny’ speech was delivered?
Answer: The ‘Tryst with Destiny’ speech was delivered by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on the midnight of 14-15 August 1947.
11.What was the biggest obstacle in nation-building at the time of India’s Independence?
Answer: The biggest obstacle in nation-building at the time of India’s independence was to unite the nation, establish democracy, development, and refugee problems.
12.When was the Constitution of India ready and signed by the members of the Constituent Assembly? When did it come into effect?
Answer: The Constitution of India was ready on 26 Nov. 1949 and was signed by the members of the Constituent Assembly on 24 January 1950. It came into effect on 26 January
4 Marks
1.How did the state of Hyderabad became a part of the Indian Union after partition?
Answer: Hyderabad, the largest of the princely states covered almost l/3rd part of South India. Nizam signed Standstill Agreement with the Government of India and state emerged as an independent state after India’s independence. Many movements took place in Hyderabad; State specially in Telangana region where many peasants were victimised and oppressed by Nizans
Nizam sent his para-military force, Razakars. Razakars murdered, raped and looted particularly the non-Muslims. Therefore, Central Government ordered the army to tackle the situation on 13th September, 1948, Indian army marched in Hyderabad and on the 17th September, 1948. Hyderabad surrendered. This way Hyderabad became a part of the Indian Union after partition.
2.What was the approach of the Government of India towards the princely states immediately after the partition of India in 1947? Answer: At the time of India’s independence, there were 565 princely states. Immediately after partition communal violence was at its culmination. In this environment, the government’s approach towards princely states was guided by following three considerations:
Firstly, the people of most of the princely states clearly wanted to become part of the Indian union.
Secondly, the government was prepared to be flexible in giving autonomy to some regions. The idea was to accommodate plurality and adopt a flexible approach in dealing with the demands of the regions.
Thirdly, in the backdrop of partition which brought into focus the contest over demarcation of territory, the integration and consolidation of the territorial boundaries of the nation had assumed supreme importance.
3.Describe the outcomes of States Reorganisation Commission appointed in 1953.
Answer: The States Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956. This led to the creation of 14 states and 6 Union Territories. Earlier there were demands of separate states on the basis of linguistic line, but leaders did not support this.
Thereafter a lot of movements occurred and provinces suffered from it therefore under popular pressure, finally decision was taken in favour of linguistic states. It was hoped that if we accept the demand of linguistic claims then the separatism and division would be reduced. Thus, these divisions reflected the true democracy.
4.Describe briefly any four problems faced in the process of partition of India.
Answer: The major problems faced by India at the time of partition were as follows :
- The country faced communal riots in almost every parts of India.
- Problem of integration of the territories which were divided on the basis of language, religion and culture.
- Problem of well being of the entire society particularly the minorities and other weaker sections.
- Challenge to shape a nation which just got the independence.
- Challenge to establish democracy and make a constitution for all.
5.Describe the outcome of the state Reorganisation Commission appointed in 1953.
Answer: After Independence, the reorganization of states was sought on a linguistic basis. Prime Minister Nehru announced the appointment of the State Reorganisation Commission in Lok Sabha on 2nd December 1953 for an impartial perusal of the issue. The Commission recommended the regrouping of states on the basis of language and culture as well. After pondering over the report of the State Reorganisation Commission, the Union Government presented the ‘States Reorganisation Bill’ in the Lok Sabha in 1956, which was passed after a few amendments. Indian Union included 14 States and 6 Union territories after the reorganization of states. Thereafter, infighting took place over Gujarati and Marathi languages resulting in the division of BombayMaharashtra and Gujarat, Nagaland state came into being in 1961.
6 Marks
1.Describe how the princely states of Manipur and Junagadh acceded to India.
Answer: Accession of Manipur After the independence in 1947, Mallaraja of Manipur Bodhachandra Singh, signed the Instrument of Accession with Indian Union on the assurance that the internal autonomy of Manipur would be maintained. Under the pressure of people of Manipur, Mallaraja held the election in June, 1948 and state became a constitutional monarchy.
Thus, Manipur was the first state to hold an election on the basis of adult franchise. The legislators of the regional parties of Manipur did not want to merge with India but state Congress wanted to.
Government of India pressurized the Manipur MAllaraja and succeeded to do so. MAllaraja accepted the agreement and signed it without consulting the Legislative Assembly. This led to lot of anger and resentment in Manipur, the repercussions of which are still being felt.
Accession of Junagadh In case of Junagadh, the Nawab of Junagadh wanted to merge with Pakistan or wanted to remain independent. The people of Junagadh wanted to merge with Indian Union. This lead to several events and also a plebiscites which resulted in the integration of Junagadh into India.
The successful negotiations brought many states to sign Instrument of Accession which means that states wanted to accept the sovereignty of India.
2.“The accommodation of regional demands and the formation of linguistic states were also seen as more democratic.” Justify the statement with any three suitable arguments.
Answer: The accommodation of regional demands and the formation of linguistic states were also seen as more democratic for this reason after independence the reorganization of states was sough ton a linguistic basis. Prime Minister Nehru announced the appointment of the State Reorganisation Commission in Lok Sabha on 2nd December 1953 for the impartial perusal of the issue.
The Commission recommended the regrouping of states on the basis of language and culture as well. After pondering over the report of the state Reorganisation Commission, the Union Government presented the ‘States Reorganisation Bill’ in the Lok Sabha in 1956, which was passed after a few amendments. Indian Union included 14 States and 6 Union territories after the reorganization of states. Thereafter, infighting took place over Gujarat and Marathi languages resulting in the division of Bombay-Maharashtra and Gujarat. Nagaland state came into being in 1961.
The following arguments are favored for this statement:
1. By accepting regional and linguistic claims of all-region, the threats of division and separation would be reduced.
2. The linguistic reorganization also served as some uniform basis for the drawing of state boundaries. Instead of the disintegration of the country, it helped in strengthening the national unity.
3. Linguistic states also accepted the principle of diversity. By embracing democracy means, India opted in favor of recognizing and accepting the existence of differences. Democracy was associated with a plurality of ideas and ways of life.
3.“The accommodation of regional demands and the formation of linguistic states were also seen as more democratic.” Justify the statement with any three suitable arguments,
Answer: This statement can be justified by following three arguments:
1.Regional aspirations are very much a part of democratic politics. Expression of regional issues is not an aberration or an abnormal phenomenon. A large and diverse democracy like India must deal with regional aspirations on a regular basis.
2.The best way to respond to regional aspirations is through democratic negotiations rather than through suppression.
3.Regional imbalance in economic development contributes to the feeling of regional discrimination. Regional imbalance is a fact of India’s development experience.
4.Explain any three challenges faced by India at the time of its independence.
OR
Explain any three challenges that India faced at the time of her independence.
Answer: The major challenges faced by India at the time of its independence are as follows:
1. To shape a United Nation Immediately after independence, there was a challenge to make India an unified nation. There were diversities of cultures, languages, religions etc increased the questions on India’s future.
2. To establish democracy However, India is seventh largest country in the world and has different values, cultures norms etc. According to the Constitution, India has adopted the democratic government on the basis of adult franchise. The challenge was how to maintain democracy.
3. To ensure the development and well-being The Constitution laid down in Fundamental Rights that all citizens are equal and all of them are free to practise their own religion. In DPSP laid down welfare state. Although the Preamble of the Constitution laid down that the Principles of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity were adopted to develop the society. However, the challenges were how to overcome the poverty and how to develop economy of India through the peoples’ participation.
4.Integration of princely states After independence, there were 565 Princely States. The Independence Act, 1947 says that British India divided into two nations India and Pakistan. And Princely States may be merged with both the countries or stayed independent. The British left India with multiple problems. This was certain and very serious challenge raised in front of India.
5.What were the major challenges of building democracy in India?
Answer: There were three major challenges of building democracy in India. These were as follows :
1. Communalism Indian polity is secular in nature, but communalism is thriving in the country and now it constitutes a serious problem of Indian states. India respects all religions and the major religious communities are Hindus, Muslims, Janis, Buddhists, Parsis, Christians and Anglo-Indians The Muslims constitute the largest minority community. The Hindus constitute more than 80 per cent of population of the country. Most of Hindu leaders believed that India does not have diverse communities.
2. Caste This is the biggest threat to India as political parties candidates are of the same caste as that of the majority voters, who favour him on caste basis although politics has moved towards casteism. It has brought a balance in caste equation, because not only the advanced castes but other castes also are eligible for participation in a representative democracy. The association of politics with caste has led democracy to a greater rationality vis-a-vis the caste system. The political parties while selecting the candidates, see whether the candidate will be able to get the support of voters of his caste or not.
Multi-party system After independence, many regional parties have formed, whether on religious basis or caste basis or any other basis. These multi-party systems further lead to coalition government this is also big threat to Indian democracy.
6.Discuss the problem related to Kashmir between India and Pakistan.
Answer:The Congress party has evolved its politics on Kashmir on the basis of major global and domestic developments.
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru repeated his commitment to find the will of the people of Kashmir in the Constituent Assembly of India. The problems of Kashmir between Indian and Pakistan are :
1. Accession to India India was satisfied that the most important political leader and party of Kashmir had accepted accession to India. The leader like Sheikh Abdull All of National Conference represented the democratic will of the people of Kashmir and they were unambiguously acceded to India. The Congress party also assured internal autonomy to the people of Jammu and Kashmir through the Constitution of India.
2. Article 370 and political consensus The Article 370 of Constitution can be altered in favour of the centre. Many other parties have supported this article, but Bharatiya Jan Sangh (now BJP) rejected every premise and every policy of the Congress and wanted to omit Article 370. Two extremely polarized position on Kashmir are represented by Congress and the BJP and it is impossible to evolve any minimal national consensus on Kashmir in India.
3. Emergence of terrorism Further the emergence of terrorism in the valley has accentuated polarisation among political parties in India because Pakistan is directly involved in terrorist activities.
4. Inter-regional dispute Another dimensions that Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh have involved is, inter-regional disputes and competition. Ladakh’s political parties say that Kashmir discriminated them. But after the entry of centre all the movements were discontinued. If Jammu and Kashmir valley are separated from each other, then another two-nation theory could be faced by Indian Union. That’s why the political parties have to maintain legitimacy and democracy with all.
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