SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
Question 1: What are the three main organs of the government?
Answer:
The three main organs of the government are the legislature, executive, and judiciary.
Question 2: What is the role of the legislature?
Answer:
The legislature is responsible for making laws, representing the interests of the people, and overseeing the functioning of the government.
Question 3: Who is the head of the executive in India?
Answer:
The President of India is the head of the executive.
Question 4: What are the functions of the executive?
Answer:
The executive is responsible for implementing laws, formulating policies, and administering the country.
Question 5: What is the primary function of the judiciary?
Answer:
The primary function of the judiciary is to interpret laws, uphold the Constitution, and ensure justice.
Question 6: Who appoints the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts?
Answer:
The judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice and other judges.
Question 7: What is the term of office for the President of India?
Answer:
The term of office for the President of India is five years.
Question 8: What is the role of the Election Commission?
Answer:
The Election Commission is responsible for conducting free and fair elections in the country.
Question 9: Who is the Chief Election Commissioner of India?
Answer:
The Chief Election Commissioner of India is the head of the Election Commission.
Question 10: What is the significance of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)?
Answer:
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) audits the accounts of the government and ensures financial accountability.
Question 11: What is the composition of the Lok Sabha?
Answer:
The Lok Sabha consists of members elected by the people through direct elections.
Question 12: Who presides over the Lok Sabha?
Answer:
The Speaker presides over the Lok Sabha.
Question 13: What is the term of office for members of the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The term of office for members of the Rajya Sabha is six years.
Question 14: Who is the head of the judiciary in India?
Answer:
The Chief Justice of India is the head of the judiciary.
Question 15: What is the role of the Supreme Court in the Indian legal system?
Answer:
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country and has the authority to interpret the Constitution, hear appeals, and ensure the rule of law.\
LONG QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
Question 1: Describe the structure and functions of the Indian Parliament, highlighting the roles of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha in the legislative process.
Answer:
The Indian Parliament comprises two houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).
- The Lok Sabha is the lower house and represents the people directly through members elected by the public. It plays a crucial role in the legislative process by introducing and debating bills, scrutinizing the actions of the government, and passing laws.
- The Rajya Sabha, on the other hand, represents the states and is composed of members elected by the state legislatures and nominated by the President.
- It acts as a revising chamber, reviewing and amending bills passed by the Lok Sabha and providing a forum for the representation of diverse interests and expertise.
- Together, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha form the backbone of India’s parliamentary democracy, ensuring the representation of both the people and the states in the legislative process.
Question 2: Discuss the powers and functions of the President of India, emphasizing their role in the functioning of the executive and the constitutional framework.
Answer:
- The President of India occupies a pivotal position in the country’s constitutional framework, serving as the head of the executive, the ceremonial head of the state, and the guardian of the Constitution.
- The President’s powers and functions include the appointment of the Prime Minister, the summoning and prorogation of Parliament, the promulgation of ordinances, the appointment of judges, and the granting of pardons and reprieves.
- While most of the President’s powers are exercised on the advice of the Council of Ministers, certain discretionary powers allow them to act independently in specific circumstances.
- The President’s role is crucial in maintaining the stability and functioning of the government, upholding the rule of law, and safeguarding the principles of democracy and federalism.
Question 3: Explain the composition and functions of the Council of Ministers in India, elucidating its role in the formulation and implementation of government policies.
Answer:
- The Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, is the executive arm of the government and is responsible for formulating and implementing policies, administering government departments, and advising the President.
- It consists of ministers who are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and are drawn from the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The Council of Ministers operates on the principle of collective responsibility, with decisions taken collectively and accountability shared among its members.
- Through its various ministries and departments, the Council of Ministers plays a vital role in governance, addressing the diverse needs and aspirations of the country and promoting socio-economic development.
Question 4: Analyze the role and significance of the judiciary in India, focusing on the structure of the Supreme Court and its functions in upholding the rule of law and safeguarding fundamental rights.
Answer:
- The judiciary in India, headed by the Supreme Court, plays a pivotal role in upholding the rule of law, protecting fundamental rights, and ensuring justice for all citizens.
- The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice and a panel of judges appointed by the President. Its functions include interpreting the Constitution, adjudicating disputes between the central and state governments, and safeguarding individual liberties through the enforcement of fundamental rights.
- The Supreme Court also acts as the guardian of the Constitution, ensuring the separation of powers, judicial review of legislative and executive actions, and the supremacy of constitutional principles.
- Its decisions set precedents, shape public policy, and contribute to the evolution of India’s legal system and democratic governance.
Question 5: Explore the concept of federalism in India, elucidating the division of powers between the central and state governments and the mechanisms for resolving disputes between them.
Answer:
- Federalism in India refers to the distribution of powers between the central government and the state governments as enshrined in the Constitution.
- The Constitution delineates the powers of the central government through the Union List, the powers of the state governments through the State List, and the concurrent powers shared by both.
- While the central government has authority over matters such as defense, foreign affairs, and currency, the state governments have jurisdiction over areas like education, health, and agriculture.
- To resolve disputes between the center and states, mechanisms such as the Inter-State Council, the Finance Commission, and the judicial system are in place.
- Federalism in India ensures the autonomy of states, promotes regional diversity, and fosters cooperative governance between the center and states.
Question 6: Evaluate the role of independent institutions such as the Election Commission, Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), and National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in upholding democratic principles and ensuring transparency and accountability in governance.
Answer:
- Independent institutions play a critical role in upholding democratic principles, ensuring transparency, and fostering accountability in governance.
- The Election Commission is responsible for conducting free and fair elections, maintaining the integrity of the electoral process, and upholding the democratic rights of citizens.
- The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) audit the accounts of the government, ensuring financial accountability and transparency.
- The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) safeguards human rights, investigates violations, and advocates for the protection of vulnerable groups.
- These institutions act as watchdogs, checks, and balances, ensuring that the government operates within the confines of the Constitution and serves the best interests of the people.
Question 7: Discuss the significance of the role played by civil servants in the functioning of government institutions, highlighting their responsibilities, accountability, and the challenges they face.
Answer:
- Civil servants play a crucial role in the functioning of government institutions, serving as administrators, policy advisors, and implementers of government policies.
- Their responsibilities include executing government decisions, providing impartial advice to policymakers, and ensuring the efficient delivery of public services.
- Civil servants are accountable to the government, the Parliament, and ultimately, the citizens. However, they face challenges such as political interference, bureaucratic red tape, and ethical dilemmas.
- Maintaining professionalism, upholding the rule of law, and fostering public trust are essential for civil servants to fulfill their duties effectively and contribute to the smooth functioning of government institutions.
Question 8: Examine the role of local government institutions such as Panchayats and Municipalities in decentralized governance, emphasizing their significance in grassroots democracy and community development.
Answer:
- Local government institutions such as Panchayats and Municipalities play a crucial role in decentralized governance, empowering local communities, and promoting grassroots democracy.
- Panchayats are elected bodies at the village, intermediate, and district levels, while Municipalities govern urban areas.
- They are responsible for local administration, planning, and development, including the provision of basic services such as water supply, sanitation, and infrastructure.
- Local government institutions facilitate citizen participation, enhance accountability, and address the unique needs and priorities of local communities.
- They contribute to community development, promote social justice, and strengthen democratic governance at the grassroots level.
Question 9: Discuss the significance of constitutional authorities such as the Attorney General and the Advocate General in providing legal advice to the government and representing its interests in courts.
Answer:
- Constitutional authorities such as the Attorney General of India and the Advocate General of the state play a vital role in providing legal advice to the government and representing its interests in courts.
- The Attorney General is the chief legal advisor to the government of India and represents the Union government in legal matters. Similarly, the Advocate General represents the state government in legal proceedings and offers legal counsel on matters concerning state interests.
- These constitutional authorities ensure that the government’s actions are in accordance with the Constitution, uphold the rule of law, and protect the legal rights and interests of the state.
Question 10: Evaluate the effectiveness of parliamentary committees in India in scrutinizing government policies and ensuring accountability, highlighting their role in enhancing parliamentary democracy.
Answer:
- Parliamentary committees in India play a crucial role in scrutinizing government policies, evaluating budgetary allocations, and ensuring executive accountability to the Parliament.
- These committees are constituted by members of both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha and are tasked with examining various issues, conducting inquiries, and making recommendations to the Parliament.
- They provide a platform for bipartisan cooperation, expert deliberation, and public scrutiny of government actions. Parliamentary committees enhance transparency, facilitate legislative oversight, and strengthen parliamentary democracy by holding the government accountable to the people.
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