Learning Objective
- Population Size and Distribution
- Population Growth and Processes of Population Change
Population Size and Distribution
India’s Population Size and Distribution by Numbers
- As of March 2011, India’s population was 1,210.6 million, which accounts for 17.5% of the world’s population.
- Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state of India, as it counts about 16% of the country’s population.
- Almost half of India’s population lives in just five states which are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh.
India’s Population Distribution by Density
- Population Density is calculated as the number of persons per unit area. The population density of India in the year 2011 was 382 persons per sq km.
- That’s why India is considered one of the most densely populated countries in the world.
Population Growth and Processes of Population Change
The numbers, distribution and composition of the population are constantly changing. This is the influence of the interaction of the three processes:
- Birth
- Death
- Migration
Population Growth
Growth of population refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a country/territory during a specific period of time. This change can be expressed in 2 ways:
- In terms of absolute numbers: The absolute numbers are obtained by subtracting the earlier population (e.g. that of 2001) from the later population (e.g. that of 2011).
- In terms of percentage change per year: It is studied in percent per annum, e.g. a rate of increase of 2 per cent per annum means that in a given year, there was an increase of two persons for every 100 persons in the base population. This is referred to as the annual growth rate.
Processes of Population Change/Growth
Three main processes of change of population are:
- Birth Rates: The birth rate tells us how many babies are born per thousand people in a year. In India, the birth rate has consistently been higher than the death rate.
- Death rates: The death rate is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year.
- Migration: Migration means people moving from one place to another. It can be within the same country (internal migration) or between different countries (international migration). In India, many people move from rural areas to cities, which has led to more people living in urban areas.
Adolescent Population
Adolescents are grouped in the age group of 10 to 19 years. They are the most important resource for the future. It constitutes one-fifth of the total population of India. The nutrition requirements of adolescents are higher than those of a normal child or adult.
National Population Policy
The National Population Policy (NPP) 2000 provides a policy framework for imparting free and compulsory school education up to 14 years of age. It also helps in
- reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births
- Achieving universal immunization of children against all vaccine-preventable diseases
- Promoting delayed marriage for girls and making family welfare a people-centred programme
NPP 2000 also put emphasis on other important needs of adolescents, including protection from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It aims to encourage:
- Delayed marriage and child-bearing
- Education of adolescents about the risks of unprotected sex
- Making contraceptive services accessible and affordable
- Providing food supplements
- Nutritional services
- Strengthening legal measures to prevent child marriage
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