- Match the terms with their meaning:
i. Confidence Building Measures (CBMs)
ii. Arms Control
iii. Alliance
iv. Disarmament
a. Giving up certain types of weapons
b. A process of exchanging information on defence matters
between nations on a regular basis
c. A coalition of nations meant to deter or defend against military
attacks
d. Regulates the acquisition or development of weapons
Answer: (i)-(b); (ii)-(d); (iii)-(c); (iv)-(a).
2.Which among the following would you consider as a traditional
security concern / non-traditional security concern / not a threat?
a. The spread of chikungunya / dengue fever
b. Inflow of workers from a neighbouring nation
c. Emergence of a group demanding nationhood for their region
d. Emergence of a group demanding autonomy for their region
e. A newspaper that is critical of the armed forces in the country
Answer: (a) Non-traditional (b) Non-traditional !(c) Traditional id) Not a
threat (e) Not a threat
3.What is the difference between traditional and non-traditional
security? Which category would the creation and sustenance of
alliances belong to?
Answer
Creation and sustenance of alliances belong to traditional notion of security
4.What are the differences in the threats that people in the Third World
face and those living in the First World face?
Answer: The threats are different in the third world and first world peoples
because their regions are changed, hence they face different security
challenges.in the following manner:
- The newly independent countries faced the military conflicts even with
their neighbouring states. - These countries faced threats not only from outside their borders, mostly
from neighbours, but also from within. - Internally, new states worried about threats from separatist movements
which wanted to form independent countries. - Sometimes, the external and internal threats merged.
- For the new states, external wars with neighbours and internal wars
posed a serious challenge to their security.
5.Is terrorism a traditional or non-traditional threat to security?
Answer: Terrorism is a non-traditional threat to wound the peace and order
in the country:
- Terrorism refers to political violence to target civilians deliberately and
indiscriminately. - Civilians are usually terrorised to be it as a weapon against national
government and other parties in the conflict. - Terrorism involves hijacking planes or planting bombs in trains, cafes,
markets and other crowded places. - After a terrorist attack on World Trade Centre on 11 September 2001,
the other governments and public also are paying more attention to
terrorism.
6.What are the choices available to a state when its security is
threatened, according to the traditional security perspective?
Answer: Traditional security perspective emphasises on compromises to
limit the violence by giving following three choices to the state if its security
is threatened:
- To surrender when actually confronted by war, but they will not
advertise this as the policy of country. - To prevent the other side from attacking by promising to raise the costs
of war to an unacceptable level. - To defend to protect itself when war actually breaks out so as to deny
the attacking country its objectives and to turn back or to defeat the
attacking forces altogether - Hence, state’s security policy is to prevent war which is called deterrence
and with limiting or heading war called defence.
7.What is ‘Balance of Power’? How could a state achieve this?
Answer: ‘Balance of Power’ is a balance between bigger and smaller
countries by cooperating with each other economically and technologically.
A smaller country is always suspicious to break out a war from bigger or
powerful country. Hence, they maintain a balance of power to build up
one’s military power together with economic and technological power-to
protect one’s own security.
8.What are the objectives of military alliances? Give an example of
a functioning military alliance with its specific objectives.
Answer: Objectives:
- Alliance building is important component of traditional security to threats
to deal between states and nations to deter or defend against military
attacks. - Alliances are formalised in written treaties and identification of who
constitutes the threats. - Alliances are formed to increase their effective power relative to another
alliance. - Alliances are based on national interests and can change when national
interest change. Example-The US backed the Islamic militants in
Afghanistan against the Soviet Union in 1980s, but later attacked them
when Al-Qaeda, a group of Islamic militants, led by Osama Bin Laden
launched terrorist strikes against America on 11th September 2001.
9.Rapid environmental degradation is causing a serious threat to
security. Do you agree with the statement? Substantiate your
arguments.
Answer: Yes, we agree with the statement because in some situations one
country may have to disproportionately bear the brunt of a global problem
i.e. environmental degradation causing a serious threat to security, for
example, due to global warming, a sea level rise of 1.5-2.0 meters would
flood 20% of Bangladesh, inundate most of Maldives and threaten nearly
half the population of Thailand, Hence, international cooperation is vital due
to global nature of these problems.
10.Nuclear weapons as deterrence or defence have limited usage
against contemporary security threats to states. Explain the
statement.
Answer: Nuclear weapons have limited usage due to arms-control method
of cooperation. One of the arms-control treaty was the Nuclear Nonproliferation
Treaty (NPT) of 1968 to regulate the acquisition of nuclear
weapons. As per this treaty those countries that had fasted and
manufactured nuclear weapons before 1967 were allowed to keep their
weapons and those that had not done so were to give up the right toacquire them. The NPT did not abolish nuclear weapons rather it limited the number of countries that could have them.
11.Looking at the Indian scenario, what type of security has been given
priority in India, traditional or non-traditional? What examples could
you cite to substantiate the argument?
Answer: India has faced both traditional (military) and non-traditional
threats to its security that have emerged from within as well as outside its
borders.
Its security strategy has four broad components, which have been used in a
varying combination from time to time:
- Strengthening its military capabilities because India has been involved in
conflicts with its neighbours
:-Pakistan in 1947–48, 1965, 1971 and 1999;
:-China in 1962.
:-Since it is surrounded by nuclear-armed countries in the South
*Asian region, India’s decision to conduct nuclear tests in 1998 was
justified by the Indian government in terms of safeguarding national
security. India first tested a nuclear device in 1974. - The second component of India’s security strategy has been to
strengthen international norms and international institutions to protect its
security interests.
* India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, supported the
cause of Asian solidarity, decolonisation, disarmament, and the UN as a
forum in which international conflicts could be settled.
*India also took initiatives to bring about a universal and nondiscriminatory
non-proliferation regime in which all countries would
have the same rights and obligations with respect to weapons of mass
destruction.
*It used non-alignment to help to carve out an area of peace
outside the blocs.
*India signed Kyoto Protocol in 1997 to be a part of road-map for
reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases to check global warming.
3.To meet security challenges within the country:
*Several militant groups from areas such as Garland, Mizoram,
Punjab, Kashmir have sought to break away from India.
*India makes efforts to preserve national unity by adopting a
democratic political system by providing freedom of speech and
expression along with the right to vote.
4.To develop its economy:
*India develops the way to lift vast mass of citizens out of poverty,
misery and huge economic inequalities.
12.Read the cartoon below and write a short note in favour or against
the connection between war and terrorism depicted in this cartoon.
Answer: Terrorism is non-traditional threat to security as it is goal oriented
political
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