CBSE Class 11th Chapter 1: Writing and City Life – Extra Question and Answer 📚

1 MARKS QUESTIONS 💡

❓ Question 1: What is the meaning of Mesopotamia?
✅ Answer: Mesopotamia means “middle river” and refers to the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. 🌊🏞️

❓ Question 2: Name the urbanized southern region of Mesopotamia.
✅ Answer: Sumer and Akkad. 🏙️

❓ Question 3: What region came to be called Babylonia after 2000 BCE?
✅ Answer: The southern region. 📜

❓ Question 4: Who established their kingdom in the northern region around 1100 BCE?
✅ Answer: The Assyrians. 🛡️

❓ Question 5: What was the first known language of Mesopotamia?
✅ Answer: Sumerian. 🗣️

❓ Question 6: What does cuneiform mean?
✅ Answer: “Wedge-shaped letters.” 🔺✍️

❓ Question 7: When did writing begin in Mesopotamia?
✅ Answer: In 3200 BCE. 📝⏳

❓ Question 8: What was the material used for writing in Mesopotamia?
✅ Answer: Clay tablets. 🧱✍️

❓ Question 9: What does the term “cuneiform” refer to?
✅ Answer: Wedge-shaped signs in Mesopotamian writing. 🔺📜

❓ Question 10: What did the sound represented by a cuneiform sign in Mesopotamia represent?
✅ Answer: Syllables. 🔡

❓ Question 11: What is the significance of the Euphrates River in Mesopotamian trade?
✅ Answer: The Euphrates River served as a major route for the transport of goods in Mesopotamia. 🚢🌊

❓ Question 12: What does the term “cuneiform” literally mean?
✅ Answer: “Wedge-shaped letters.” ✏️🔺

❓ Question 13: In what region did the Assyrians establish their kingdom around 1100 BCE?
✅ Answer: The northern region, which came to be called Assyria. 🏔️⚔️

❓ Question 14: How did Mesopotamians write on clay tablets?
✅ Answer: Mesopotamians impressed wedge-shaped signs on wet clay with the sharp end of a reed. 🌾📜

❓ Question 15: What was the primary reason for the development of writing in Mesopotamia?
✅ Answer: Writing began when society needed to keep records of transactions. 🛒📊

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3 MARKS QUESTIONS 📝

❓ Question 1: Describe the geography of Mesopotamia and its impact on early human settlements.
✅ Answer:

• Mesopotamia, located between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, had diverse environments including plains, mountains, and deserts. 🌍
• The south was fertile, while the north was pastoral. 🌾🐑
• Rivers provided fertile silt, but periodic floods and changes in river courses led to challenges in settlement. 🌊⚠️

❓ Question 2: Explain the significance of urbanization in Mesopotamia.
✅ Answer:

• Urban centers were hubs of economic activities like trade, manufacturing, and services. 🏙️💼
• Cities relied on trade for resources, and the division of labor played a key role in social organization. 🏗️
• Urbanization fostered the need for written records and administration. ✍️📜

❓ Question 3: What were the three kinds of cities that developed in southern Mesopotamia?
✅ Answer:

1. Cities around temples – Religious and economic hubs. 🏛️
2. Trade centers – Linked to long-distance commerce. 🚢
3. Imperial cities – Centers of political power. 👑

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5 MARKS QUESTIONS 📖

❓ Question 1: Discuss the role of trade in the urbanization of Mesopotamia.
✅ Answer:

• Trade Networks: Mesopotamia traded with regions like Turkey and Iran. 🛣️
• Goods like wood, copper, tin, and precious stones were imported, while textiles and food were exported. 🪵🥣
• Transportation: Canals and the Euphrates River facilitated trade, becoming major world routes. 🌍🚤
• Urban Development: Trade fueled urbanization, making cities economic hubs and creating wealth. 💰🏙️

❓ Question 2: Elaborate on the system of writing in Mesopotamia, focusing on the evolution of cuneiform.
✅ Answer:

• Writing began around 3200 BCE with picture-like signs and numbers. 🖼️🔢
• By 2600 BCE, cuneiform (wedge-shaped symbols) became the dominant script. 🔺📝
• Writing was essential for record-keeping, legal documentation, and narrating the deeds of kings. 📜👑
• Literacy was limited to kings and elites, and schools were created for reading and copying earlier tablets. 🏫📚

❓ Question 3: Analyze the significance of temples in Mesopotamian cities.
✅ Answer:

• Evolution: Temples started as small shrines and grew into large institutions. 🏛️
• Economic Functions: Temples organized production activities like oil pressing, grain grinding, and weaving. 🛠️
• Social Organization: Temples played a vital role in wealth distribution and social cohesion. ⚖️

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