Question 1. Representation of nature in Pahari miniature paintings is found everywhere. According to you, what could be the reasons for this?
Answer: The prominence of nature in Pahari miniature paintings stems from:
- Spiritual connection: Reflecting divinity and Hindu mythology.
- Geographical influence: Inspired by the hilly landscapes of Himachal Pradesh.
- Symbolism: Depicting emotions, moods, and seasons.
- Aesthetic appeal: Adding beauty and depth through detailed flora and fauna.
- Narrative context: Serving as backdrops for mythological and courtly stories.
Question 2. What are the major schools of Pahari miniature paintings and list their places of expansion. How were they different from each other? Mark all schools of Himalayan (Pahari) paintings on a map.
Answer:
The major schools of Pahari miniature paintings are:
- Basohli (Jammu): Bold colors, stylized figures, and intense emotion.
- Guler (Himachal Pradesh): Delicate lines, naturalistic, with Mughal influence.
- Kangra (Himachal Pradesh): Soft colors, romantic themes, and detailed landscapes.
- Chamba (Himachal Pradesh): Decorative, with local features and religious themes.
- Mandi (Himachal Pradesh): Bold compositions with devotional subjects.
Differences:
- Basohli: Vibrant and dramatic.
- Guler: Mughal-style naturalism.
- Kangra: Romanticism and soft tones.
- Chamba: Local, decorative details.
- Mandi: Bold, devotional themes.
Question 3. Select a poem or a story and illustrate in it any style of Pahari miniature painting.
Answer:
Poem:
“Radha-Krishna” (excerpt)
“In the moonlit night, Radha stands by the Yamuna,
Her eyes searching for Krishna’s flute,
As the cool breeze carries the fragrance of jasmine,
Their hearts entwine in a melody divine.”
Pahari Miniature Illustration:
Background: Hills, trees, and the Yamuna River under moonlight.
Figures: Krishna with a flute, Radha gazing at him.
Details: Intricate clothing, soft expressions, vivid colors (reds, blues, greens).
Question 4. Prepare small critiques on works of the following.
(a) Nainsukh (b) Basohali paintings
(c) Ashta Nayikas (d) Kangra kalam
Answer:
(a) Nainsukh
Nainsukh, an 18th-century Pahari painter, is celebrated for his realistic, emotive portrayal of aristocrats, notably Raja Balwant Singh. His use of soft colors and attention to body language and facial expressions brought a lifelike quality to his works.
(b) Basohli Paintings
Basohli paintings, from 17th-century Jammu, are known for their bold use of primary colors, stylized figures, and dramatic expressions. They often depict scenes from Hindu epics, with vibrant reds, blues, and yellows, adding intensity to the compositions.
(c) Ashta Nayikas
Ashta Nayikas represent eight emotional states of heroines in love, beautifully visualized in Pahari art. Each state reflects a nuanced emotional experience, with expressive gestures and natural landscapes enhancing the romantic themes.
(d) Kangra Kalam
Kangra Kalam, evolving from Basohli painting, is known for its delicate brushwork, softer colors, and lyrical beauty. Focused on Krishna’s life and nature, it portrays graceful figures and lush, detailed landscapes with a refined, naturalistic style.
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