Learning Objective
- Basohli School
- Guler School
- Kangra School
- The Pahari Schools of Painting, from towns like Basohli, Guler, and Kangra, evolved from Basohli’s flamboyant style to the sophisticated Kangra School. Unlike Mughal, Deccani, and Rajasthani styles, Pahari paintings lack clear regional distinctions due to limited dated material.
- Pahari art is influenced by Mughal and Rajasthani styles, with B.N. Goswamy attributing its evolution to the Pandit Seu family. By the early 18th century, the style transitioned from Basohli to a pre-Kangra phase, culminating in Kangra’s refined naturalism, influenced by Mughal art and local experimentation.
Basohli School
- The Pahari painting tradition began with Basohli under Prince Kirpal Pal (1678–1695), known for vibrant colors and beetle wing embellishments. Key themes were the Rasamanjari, Bhagavata Purana, and Ragamala. Basohli influenced styles in Chamba and Kullu.
- From the 1690s to 1730s, the Guler–Kangra phase emerged, leading to the Kangra style, with Kullu artists reflecting Basohli and Bilaspur influences. Notable works include a detailed depiction of Rama’s departure from Ayodhya and his journey with Lakshmana and sage Vishvamitra, featuring hidden animals to emphasize bravery and mystery.
Guler School
- In the early 18th century, Basohli’s style evolved into the Guler–Kangra phase under Raja Govardhan Chand. Artists Pandit Seu, Manak, and Nainsukh developed a more refined Guler–Kangra kalam.
- Nainsukh excelled in portraiture for Raja Balwant Singh of Jasrota, while Manak created a notable Gita Govinda series in 1730. By the 1780s, the Kangra School emerged, with descendants of these artists continuing to influence Pahari art in Guler, Chamba, and Kullu.
Kangra School
- Under Raja Sansar Chand (1775–1823), Kangra painting flourished, evolving from earlier styles and influenced by Guler. Known for its lyrical beauty, delicate lines, and vivid colors, the Kangra style became prominent at Tira Sujanpur and later Nadaun.
- It featured detailed depictions of courtly life and themes from the Bhagvata Purana and Baramasa. Although its prominence waned after 1805 due to political upheaval, Kangra’s legacy continued to influence regional styles in Garhwal and Kashmir.
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