Chapter 7: PATH TO MODERNISATION 🚀

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 🎯

JAPAN 🇯🇵
The Meiji Restoration 🏯
Aggressive Nationalism 🔥
Westernization and Tradition 🌍
Overcoming Modernity 💡
Re-emergence of Japan as a Global Economic Power 💰
CHINA 🇨🇳 – Physical Features 🏞️
Establishing the Republic 🏛️
The Rise of the Communist Party of China ✊
Establishing the New Democracy (1949-65) 📆
Conflicting Visions (1965-78) ⚖️
Reforms of 1978 (Deng Xiaoping) 📈
The Story of Taiwan 🇹🇼
Story of Korea 🇰🇷
A Post-War Nation 🕊️
Rapid Industrialization under Strong Leadership 🚧
Continued Economic Growth and Calls for Democratization 📊
Korean Democracy and the IMF Crisis 💸
Two Roads to Modernization 🛤️

JAPAN 🇯🇵

Political System 🏛️

12th Century: Power shifted from the imperial court to the Shoguns.
1603-1867: Tokugawa family ruled; country divided into 250 domains led by Daimyos.
Samurai served as the fighting class ⚔️.

Three Changes 🔄

Disarmed Peasantry: Only samurai could carry swords, ensuring peace.
Daimyos’ Autonomy: Lived in their capitals for better control.
Land Surveys: Identified landowners and tax-payers, stabilizing revenue.

The Meiji Restoration 🏯

1853: Commodore Matthew Perry demanded trade; led to political change.
1868: Shogun removed; emperor moved to Edo (Tokyo).

Aggressive Nationalism 🇯🇵🔥

Limited Franchise: Meiji Constitution established a parliament (Diet).
1918-30: Cabinets formed by popularly elected PMs.

Westernization and Tradition 🌍

Fukuzawa Yukichi: Japan must expel Asia 🌏.
Miyake Setsu Rei: Countries should develop unique features.
Ueki Emori: Advocated for constitutional government and women’s rights 👩‍⚖️.

Overcoming Modernity 💡

1943 Symposium debated rescuing music from sensory stimulation.
Nishitani Keiji: Argued Japan’s moral strength helped it escape colonialism.

Re-emergence as a Global Economic Power 💰

Post-WWII: Japan demilitarized, new constitution introduced.
Article 9: No war clause.
Economic reforms and revival of political parties led to a post-war miracle 🚀.

CHINA 🇨🇳 – Physical Features 🏞️

Vast country with Yellow, Yangtze, and Pearl Rivers.
Rich regional diversity in food 🍜.

Modern History Issues 📰

Sovereignty: Regaining it.
Ending foreign humiliation.
Equality and development.

Establishing the Republic 🏛️

1911: Sun Yat-Sen overthrew the Manchu dynasty.
Three Principles: Nationalism, democracy, socialism.

The Rise of the Communist Party of China ✊

Japanese Invasion (1937) weakened the Guomindang.
Mao Zedong emerged as a leader focusing on peasantry.

Establishing New Democracy (1949-65) 📆

New government based on New Democracy principles.
Great Leap Forward aimed at rapid industrialization.

Conflicting Visions (1965-78) ⚖️

Cultural Revolution: Campaign against old customs led by Red Guards.

Reforms of 1978 (Deng Xiaoping) 📈

Four Modernizations: Science, industry, agriculture, defense.

The Story of Taiwan 🇹🇼

Japanese Colony until 1945.
Transformation into a democracy post-Chiang Kai-shek’s death.

Story of Korea 🇰🇷

Annexed by Japan (1910); calls for independence grew.
Post-WWII: Division along the 38th parallel led to two nations.

A Post-War Nation 🕊️

Korean War: Heavy casualties and economic delays.
Democratic Movement emerged against military rule.

Rapid Industrialization under Strong Leadership 🚧

Park Chung Hee: Implemented export-oriented policies.
Shift from light to heavy industry for growth.

Continued Economic Growth and Calls for Democratization 📊

1980: Gwangju Democratization Movement.
1987: First direct presidential elections.

Korean Democracy and the IMF Crisis 💸

1992: Civilian leadership elected after decades of military rule.
1997 financial crisis led to IMF support.

Two Roads to Modernization 🛤️

Japan retained independence and traditional skills, while China faced humiliation and imperialism.
Japan and China pursued different paths toward modernization

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