Short questions and answers
1.What was the Bombay Plan?
Answer: It was a blueprint for India’s economic future proposed by leading industrialists5.
2.Did liberalization form part of India’s early development policy?
Answer: No, liberalization was not part of the early development policy.
3.From where did the idea of planning in India originate?
Answer:The idea was drawn from the Bombay Plan, experiences of the Soviet bloc, and Gandhian vision7.
4.What was the main focus of the First Five Year Plan?
Answer:It focused on poverty alleviation and agricultural sector improvement.
5.How did the Second Five Year Plan differ from the first?
Answer:It stressed on heavy industrialization and aimed for a quick structural transformation.
6.What was the Green Revolution?
Answer:It was an initiative to increase agricultural production using high-yielding varieties and scientific irrigation.
7.What was debated more during the Second Five Year Plan, industrialization or agricultural development?
Answer:The debate centered around the relevance of agriculture versus industry14.
8.Was the role of the state in the economy considered a mistake by Indian policymakers?
Answer:No, state intervention was necessary to regulate the economy after independence16.
9.What is a mixed economy?
Answer: It’s an economic system combining elements of both capitalism and socialism.
10.What is decentralized planning?
Answer: It involves people’s participation in making plans at local levels like Panchayats and districts1920.
11.What is the Kerala Model?
Answer: It’s a decentralized planning approach focusing on education, health, and poverty alleviation.
12.Which state faced a food crisis in the early years of independence?
Answer:Bihar faced a significant food crisis24.
13.Who was J.C. Kumarappa?
Answer:He was an economist who advocated for Gandhian economic principles26.
14.What is a Plan Holiday?
Answer: It’s a gap between two Five Year Plans, used for reassessing and adjusting policies28.
15.Why is economic planning important in India?
Answer:It helps achieve national goals and ensures controlled and faster growth
Long questions and answers
1. How did the political leadership in post-independence India envision planned development, and what were the key objectives of this vision?
Answer: Post-independence India envisioned planned development as a means to address the socio-economic disparities inherited from colonial rule. The key objectives included achieving economic self-sufficiency, reducing poverty and inequality, promoting industrialization, modernizing agriculture, and ensuring social justice.
2. Discuss the role of the Planning Commission in shaping India’s planned development strategies. How did it function, and what were its major achievements and limitations?
Answer: The Planning Commission played a pivotal role in formulating and implementing India’s planned development strategies. It functioned as the apex body responsible for drafting Five-Year Plans and allocating resources accordingly. Its major achievements include initiating land reforms, promoting heavy industries, and establishing infrastructure. However, it faced criticism for its top-down approach, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and failure to address regional disparities adequately.
3. Analyze the impact of land reforms on India’s agrarian structure and rural development. What were the major challenges encountered in implementing land reforms, and how did they influence the pace of rural transformation?
Answer: Land reforms aimed to redistribute land ownership, enhance agricultural productivity, and uplift the rural poor. Despite some successes, challenges such as resistance from landlords, inadequate political will, and administrative loopholes hindered their effective implementation. Consequently, the agrarian structure remained largely unchanged, perpetuating rural poverty and inequality.
4. Assess the significance of the Green Revolution in transforming India’s agricultural landscape. What were its main features, and how did it contribute to both positive and negative outcomes?
Answer: The Green Revolution marked a paradigm shift in Indian agriculture by introducing high-yielding varieties of seeds, modern irrigation techniques, and chemical fertilizers.
Its main features included increased agricultural productivity, food self-sufficiency, and technological innovation. However, it also led to ecological degradation, regional disparities, and marginalization of small farmers, exacerbating socio-economic inequalities.
5. Evaluate the role of public sector enterprises (PSEs) in India’s industrial development. How did they contribute to economic growth, and what were the challenges faced by PSEs in achieving their objectives?
Answer: Public sector enterprises played a crucial role in India’s industrial development by spearheading strategic sectors, fostering indigenous technology, and generating employment opportunities.
However, they grappled with issues such as bureaucratic red tape, lack of autonomy, and inefficiencies, which hampered their competitiveness and profitability.
6. Discuss the evolution of the mixed economy model in India and its implications for economic planning. How did the state balance between public and private sectors, and what were the consequences of this approach on economic growth and equity?
Answer: The mixed economy model in India aimed to strike a balance between state intervention and private enterprise. While the state assumed a dominant role in strategic sectors, it also encouraged private investment and entrepreneurship.
This approach fostered economic growth, technological innovation, and infrastructure development. However, it also led to disparities in wealth distribution and stifled entrepreneurial spirit, hindering inclusive growth.
7. Examine the challenges posed by the informal sector to India’s planned development efforts. How did the state address the needs and concerns of informal workers, and what were the implications of in formalization on employment patterns and social welfare?
Answer: The informal sector posed challenges such as lack of formalization, low wages, and limited social protection. The state attempted to address these concerns through policies such as microfinance, skill development, and social security schemes.
However, in formalization persisted, resulting in precarious employment, vulnerability to exploitation, and inadequate access to healthcare and education.
8. Assess the impact of globalization on India’s planned development trajectory. How did liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG) policies reshape the economic landscape, and what were their implications for employment, inequality, and social justice?
Answer: Globalization ushered in an era of liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG) policies, which aimed to integrate the Indian economy into the global market. While these policies stimulated economic growth, attracted foreign investment, and fostered technological advancements, they also widened income disparities, marginalized certain sectors, and exacerbated social inequalities, raising concerns about their impact on inclusive development and social justice.
9. Analyze the role of civil society movements in shaping India’s development discourse and policy formulation. How did grassroots mobilization influence state policies, and what were the major challenges encountered by civil society organizations in advocating for social change?
Answer: Civil society movements played a pivotal role in advocating for marginalized communities, environmental sustainability, and democratic governance. Grassroots mobilization exerted pressure on the state to enact pro-poor policies, promote social justice, and uphold human rights. However, civil society organizations faced challenges such as cooperation, repression, and limited resources, which hindered their effectiveness in achieving lasting social change.
10. Reflect on the contemporary challenges and prospects of India’s planned development approach. How can the state navigate between competing priorities of economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability in the era of globalization and rapid technological advancement?
Answer: Contemporary challenges facing India’s planned development approach include addressing climate change, harnessing technological innovations, and promoting inclusive growth amidst globalization pressures. The state must adopt a holistic approach that balances economic imperatives with social equity and environmental sustainability.
This necessitates investing in renewable energy, promoting green technologies, strengthening social safety nets, and fostering participatory governance to ensure that development benefits all segments of society while safeguarding the planet for future generations.
📚 Why NCERT Solutions for Class 12th Political Science ✨
Political Science is not just about learning story or writing essays—it’s about developing an appreciation for stories, poems, and ideas. 🌈 Our solutions help students understand moral lessons, improve reading comprehension, and build their vocabulary. 📖 Each chapter’s summary and answers are explained in a way that’s easy to follow, making exam preparation a breeze! 🌟
Clear Your Doubts with CBSEJanta.com 🔍
Visit CBSEJanta.com to access detailed solutions for every chapter in your Class 12 Political Science textbook! 📚 These solutions not only help you answer questions but also enhance your overall understanding of stories and grammar concepts. 💡
Download Our App for Easy Access 📱
Want to study on the go? 🚀 Download our app for instant access to Class 12 Political Science NCERT solutions, practice questions, and much more! Whether at home or traveling, you can easily prepare for your exams and boost your English skills with CBSEJanta.com. 🌍