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🌍CBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6 Environment and natural resources Extra questions📝

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1 Mark Questions
1.Why should the ‘environmental concerns’ be part of contemporary global politics? (Delhi 2009; All India 2008)
Answer:
The environmental concerns should be part of contemporary global politics because no single government can address the environmental concerns in isolation.
2. Define indigenous population. (All India 2009)
Answer:
Indigenous population are tribal or native people whose interests and rights are imperialised by the foreign people who migrated from time to time in territories.
3. Which world summit conference was held at Rio in 1992? (All India 2009)
Answer:
Earth summit was held at Rio in 1992.
4. Why were India and China exempted from the Kyoto Protocol? (All India 2008)
Answer:
India, China and other developing countries were exempted from the requirements of Kyoto Protocol because their per capita emission was comparatively lower than it was in developed countries.
5. What were the recommendations of the Rio Summit Known as? (All indin 2008)

Answer:
The recommendations of the Rio Summit was known as ‘Agenda 21’.
6. Why have the issues relating to environmental degradation become part of world politics? (All India 2008)
Answer:
The issues relating to environmental degradation become part of world politics because such issues cannot be addressed by one country alone. Thus, they became the part of world politics as shared action is necessary to deal with them.


1. Identify the most important outcome of the Rio summit. (All India 2015)
OR
Mention any two outcomes of the Rio summit. (Delhi 2010)
Answer: The outcomes of the Rio summit were:

2. Why do indigenous people need special protection to protect their rights? (Delhi 2011)
OR
Explain the most obvious threat to the survival of indigenous people. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Issues related to the rights of indigenous people have been neglected as people of varied cultures from various parts of the world overcome them. Also these people have threat to their survival due to loss of land which is main source of their livelihood. This is the reason they require special protection to protect their rights.
3. How can we protect the rights of the indigenous people with regard to environment? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
We can protect the rights of the indigenous people with regard to environment through:

4. Which countries have control over Antarctica? (All India 2009)
Answer:
UK, Chile, Argentina, Norway, France, Australia and New Zealand have control over Antarctica.
5. What is meant by ‘common property’? (All India 2009)
Answer:
Common property represents common property for the group. The underlying norm here is that members of the group have both rights and duties with respect to the nature, levels of use and maintenance of a given resource.
6. What are global commons? List any two examples. (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
In the world, some areas are situated beyond a sovereign jurisdiction of any one state. Hence they need united control by the international community. They are called global commons.
Two examples are :

7. Who are indigenous people? What institutions do they follow? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Indigenous people are those descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world and overcame them. They follow the World Council of Indigenous People.

4 Marks Questions
1.What are ‘global commons’? Why is it said that international cooperation over the global commons is not easy? (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
For global commons, In the world, some areas are situated beyond a sovereign jurisdiction of any one state. Hence they need united control by the international community. They are called global commons.
Two examples are:

The international cooperation over the ‘global commons’ is not easy because:
1. it is not easy to do cooperation over the ‘global commons: There have been many significant agreements such as the Antarctic Treaty (1959), the Montreal Protocol (1987) and the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol (1991). It is very difficult to achieve consensus on common environmental agendas on the basis of vague scientific evidence and time frames.

2. In the same way, the history of the outer space as a ‘global commons’ clearly shows that the management of these regions is completely influenced by North-South inequalities.
2. Explain the role of environmental movements to meet the challenge of environmental degradation. (Delhi 2018)
Answer:
The role of environmental movements to meet the change of environmental degradation is very important. It is justified from the points below:

Some of the most significant responses to environmental challenges have come not from government but rather from groups of environmentally conscious volunteers around the world.

The environmental movements are amongst the most vibrant, diverse and powerful social movements all over the world. These movements creates new ideas and long-term visions. There are some examples to show that diversity is a significant feature of contemporary environmental movements.

The Forest Movements of the South, in Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia, Continental Africa and India are facing lots of pressure. The process of forest clearing in the Third World Countries is on at an alarming rate, despite 30 years of environmental activism.

In the Philippines, a big network of groups and organisations campaigned against the Western Mining Corporation. Vehement opposition to the company in its own country, Australia is based on anti-nuclear sentiments and support for the basic rights of Australian indigenous peoples.

Another group of movements are involved in struggles against mega-dams In every country where mega dams are being built, we find the environmental movements opposing the projects. Basically, anti-dam movements are pro-river movements for more sustainable and equitable management of river systems and valleys. “The Narmada Bachao Andolan” is one of the best known of these movements.
3. What was the ‘Earth Summit’? How far did the summit prove to be useful? Explain, (All India 2016)
OR
What were the outcomes of Rio summit? (Delhi 2008)
Answer:
Earth Summit
The growing focus on environmental issues within the coliseum of global politics was firmly consolidated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992. This was named as the ‘Earth Summit* in which 170 state, NGOs and MNCs participated in this summit.

Usefulness of Summit
The Rio Summit produced conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry and advocated a list of development practices called ‘Agenda 21′. There were some significant differences and difficulties which were left unsolved. There was an agreement on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility and this approach came to be known as sustainable development’.

Outcome of Rio Summit Rio summit
Coined the term ‘global commons’ and differentiated responsibilities. It focused on ecological conservation. Rio summit started the environmental issue and discussions at global level.
4. Explain the concept of ‘common property resource’ with the help of an example from India. (All India 2016; Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The concept of common property displays the similar and common property for group. The rule is that the participants of the group have both rights and duties related to the nature, levels of use and maintenance of a given resources.

Example
With the help of common belief and long-term practice, many village communities in India have set out rights, and responsibilities of members. A combination of factors including privatisation, population growth and ecosystem degradation have affected the poor masses to a great extent.

The international requirement for the conservation of the sacred groves on state-owned former forest land is an example of the common property resources, which have been traditionally conserved by village communities.
5. Explain India’s stand on environmental issues. (All India 2016, 2011; Delhi (C) 2008)
Answer:
The following points highlight India’s stand on environmental issues:

  1. India signed and approved the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 in August 2002.
  2. India announced in the G-8 meeting that the developing countries emissions are merely a small fraction of that of the developed nations. On the basis of principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, India is of the opinion that the developed countries should take the responsibility to cure this problem as they have accumulated emission over a broad period of time.
  3. A review of the implementation of the agreements at the Earth Summit in Rio was undertaken by India in 1997.
  4. India suggested that SAARC countries should adopt a common position on major global environment issues, so that they have an upper hand.
  5. Some of the steps taken by Indian Government for emission control are India’ National Auto-fuel Policy, the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 and Electricity Act of 2003 which encourages the use of renewable energy.
  6. The initiatives of importing natural gas and adoption of clean coal technologies show that India has been making real efforts.
  7. Indian Government is keen to launch National Mission on Biodiesel using about 11 million hectares of land to produce biodiesel by 2011-2012.

6. Explain any four steps taken by Governments of India to curb the emission of greenhouse gases. (All India 2013)
Answer:
Four steps taken by Government of India to curb the emission of greenhouse gases are :

6 Marks Questions
1.Define the ‘indigenous people’ and highlight any two threats to their survival. (Delhi 2015)
OR
Who are indigenous people? Describe any four problems of the indigenous people. (All India 2015)
Answer:
Definition of indigenous people There are many definitions given for the indigenous people. But United Nations provides exact definition of indigenous people.

“Population comprising the descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world and overcame them.”

In the background of world politics, there are some mutual interests of almost 30 crore indigenous people expanded throughout the globe. Among the 30 crore people, 20 lakh indigenous people belong to Cordillera region of Philippines, 10 lakh Mapuche people of Chile, 6 lakh indigenous people belong to Chittagong Hill in Bangladesh, around 35 lakh are North American natives, 50000 Kuna living in East of Panama Canal whereas 10 lakh small people live in Soviet North. Just like other social movements these people talk about their struggles, their problems and their rights.

Threats/problems of the indigenous people are:
1. the indigenous people in the global politics desire for the entry of indigenous people to the global community as equals. Regions of Central and South America, Africa, India and South Asia are the regions where most of the indigenous peoples are found and they are known as tribals in these regions. The present day island states belonging to Oceania region which includes Australia, New Zealand, were occupied by the Polynesian, Melanesian and Micronesian people for thousands of years.

2. They have requested the governments to retain the existence of indigenous people as enduring communities with an identity of their own. These people use the expression ‘since times immemorial’ to refer to the occupancy of the lands from which they originated.

3. Issues related to the rights of indigenous people have been neglected as people of varied cultures from various parts of the world overcome them. Also these people have threat to their survival due to loss of land which is main source of their livelihood.

4. Despite institutional measures, they have not got much benefits of development. In fact they have paid huge cost for development because they are forced to be displaced from their mother land owing to developmental projects.
2. Explain the concept of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’. How and where was it emphasised upon? (Delhi 2014)
OR
What is Agenda 21? What is meant by ‘common, but differentiated responsibilities’? (Delhi [C] 2008)
Answer:
Agenda 21 It is a non-binding voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nation (UN) with regard to sustainable developments. It is a product of the United Nation Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.

The ’21’ in Agenda 21 means 21st century. It is a plan to reduce emission which increases Chlorofluoro Carbons or greenhouse gases resulting in global warming. Concept of common but differentiated responsibilities there are differences between the approaches of the countries, the global North wanted everyone to equally share the ecological responsibilities whereas the global South claimed that the ecological disturbances were created by the industrial development in the Northern states. Hence, it should be the North’s responsibility to improve the conditions or repair the damage.

Since the developing nations are on the way to achieve industrialisation, the rules and restrictions for North and South should not be the same therefore, the separate requirements of the developing nations should be considered in the entire process of rules and regulations of international environmental laws. Thus debate was accepted in the Earth Summit in 1992 in the Rio declaration and is called the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.

The most important part of the Rio Declaration says the ‘States shall cooperate’ in the spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth’s ecosystem. In view of the different contributions of global environmental degradation, states have common but differentiated responsibilities.

The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technological and financial resources they command.
3. Analyze India’s stand on any three environmental issues. (All India 2014)
Or
Analyze India’s stand on environmental issues. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
The following points highlight India’s stand on environmental issues:

  1. India signed and approved the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 in August 2002.
  2. India announced in the G-8 meeting that the developing countries emissions are merely a small fraction of that of the developed nations. On the basis of principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, India is of the opinion that the developed countries should take the responsibility to cure this problem as they have accumulated emission over a broad period of time.
  3. A review of the implementation of the agreements at the Earth Summit in Rio was undertaken by India in 1997.
  4. India suggested that SAARC countries should adopt a common position on major global environment issues, so that they have an upper hand.
  5. Some of the steps taken by Indian Government for emission control are India’ National Auto-fuel Policy, the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 and Electricity Act of 2003 which encourages the use of renewable energy.
  6. The initiatives of importing natural gas and adoption of clean coal technologies show that India has been making real efforts.
  7. Indian Government is keen to launch National Mission on Biodiesel using about 11 million hectares of land to produce biodiesel by 2011-2012.
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