- SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
Question 1: What were the main reasons for the revolt of 1857?
Answer:
Political Causes:
The annexation of various Indian states by the East India Company and the imposition of the Doctrine of Lapse created resentment among Indian rulers and aristocracy. The disregard for the traditional authority of local rulers fueled discontent.
Economic Grievances:
The economic policies of the East India Company, such as the introduction of the new land revenue system and heavy taxation, adversely affected the economic interests of both the peasants and the nobility. The exploitative economic policies added to the grievances of the Indian population.
Social and Religious Factors:
The introduction of social reforms, the greased cartridge controversy, and the fear of interference with religious practices contributed to the social and religious tensions. The use of animal fat in the new Enfield rifles offended the religious sentiments of both Hindu and Muslim sepoys, leading to widespread dissatisfaction.
Question 2: Write down the main reasons for the failure of the revolt of 1857.
Answer:
Lack of Unity and Coordination:
The rebels lacked a unified leadership and a coordinated strategy. The uprising involved diverse groups with different regional, religious, and social interests. The absence of a centralized command structure and common objectives weakened the overall effectiveness of the rebellion.
Limited Modern Weapons and Training:
The British forces possessed superior military technology, modern weaponry, and better training compared to the rebel forces. The sepoys and other participants in the revolt often relied on outdated or traditional methods of warfare, making it difficult to challenge the well-equipped and disciplined British army.
Betrayal and Lack of Widespread Support:
The revolt faced betrayal from some sections of the Indian population, including certain princely states and mercantile classes, who sided with the British either due to fear or perceived benefits. The absence of widespread support and active collaboration from various regions undermined the strength of the rebellion.
Question 3: What was the main reason of interest of British in occupying Awadh?
Answer:
The main reason for the British interest in occupying Awadh was:
Economic Exploitation:
Awadh was a prosperous region known for its fertile agricultural land and significant revenue resources. The East India Company sought to enhance its economic gains by taking control of Awadh’s revenue and resources. The annexation allowed the British to extract more revenue from the region and strengthen their economic control over India.
Strategic Considerations:
Awadh was strategically located in the heart of Northern India, and its annexation provided the British with a more secure and centralized position. Controlling Awadh helped the British in maintaining stability in the region and suppressing any potential rebellions or opposition to their rule. It also facilitated better communication and control over the Gangetic plain.
Political Pretext – Doctrine of Lapse:
The British, under the pretext of implementing the Doctrine of Lapse, annexed Awadh. According to this policy, if a ruler did not have a natural heir, the East India Company could annex the state. The annexation of Awadh under the Doctrine of Lapse was a convenient way for the British to legitimize their takeover while serving their economic and strategic interests.
Question 4: What is meant by Subsidiary Alliance?
Answer:
Subsidiary Alliance:
Definition:
The Subsidiary Alliance was a political and military strategy introduced by Lord Wellesley, the Governor-General of India, in the late 18th century. It was a form of alliance in which a princely state was required to maintain a British military force within its territory, effectively becoming a subordinate or subsidiary to the British East India Company.
Terms of the Alliance:
Under the Subsidiary Alliance, the Indian princely state had to disband its own armed forces and accept the presence of British troops in its capital. Additionally, the state was obligated to pay for the maintenance of the British military contingent. The British, in turn, committed to protecting the princely state from external threats, but in practice, it often led to increased British influence and control over the affairs of the allied state.
Political Control and Economic Exploitation:
The Subsidiary Alliance served as a means for the East India Company to extend its political control over Indian states without overt annexation. By stationing British troops and controlling the local administration, the Company could indirectly govern the princely states. Furthermore, the economic burden of maintaining the British troops often led to financial exploitation and dependence, consolidating the Company’s dominance.
Question 5: What was the impact on the situation of the taluqdars with the acquisition of Awadh?
Answer:
Impact on the Situation of the Taluqdars:
The acquisition of Awadh had a detrimental impact on the taluqdars:
Land Revenue Policies:
The British implemented new land revenue policies in Awadh, leading to increased land revenue demands. The taluqdars, who were traditionally intermediaries collecting revenue from peasants, found themselves facing higher taxation, impacting their income and wealth.
Reduction in Autonomy:
The annexation of Awadh resulted in a reduction of the autonomy previously enjoyed by the taluqdars. The British implemented direct control over land administration, diminishing the authority and influence of the taluqdars in local governance.
Economic Distress:
The economic distress caused by higher revenue demands and reduced autonomy pushed many taluqdars into financial difficulties. The traditional social and economic order in Awadh, which was based on the authority of the taluqdars, underwent significant disruption due to the changes brought about by British rule.
Question 6: How was the entire social system disrupted with the termination of the power of taluqdars?
Answer:
Disruption of the Social System with the Termination of Taluqdars’ Power:
Impact on Peasantry:
The taluqdars were traditional intermediaries who collected revenue from the peasantry. With their power terminated, the direct control of land revenue by the British often resulted in increased taxation on the peasants. This economic burden led to widespread agrarian distress and poverty among the farming communities.
Social Unrest:
The disruption of the taluqdari system caused social unrest as the established social hierarchy and power structures underwent a transformation. The loss of authority for the taluqdars created a power vacuum, contributing to social tensions and conflicts within the local communities.
Erosion of Traditional Authority:
The termination of taluqdars’ power eroded the traditional authority and influence they held in local governance and society. The British implemented administrative changes that marginalized the role of taluqdars, replacing them with appointed officials, disrupting the established social order.
Question 7: What efforts suggest that the Rebel leaders wanted to establish pre-British system before the 18th century?
Answer:
Efforts to Establish Pre-British System by Rebel Leaders:
Symbolic Actions:
Rebel leaders, such as Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, were symbolic figures of authority from the pre-British era. The rebels sought to restore the Mughal emperor to power, symbolizing a return to the traditional system that existed before the ascendancy of the British East India Company.
Rejection of British Innovations:
The rebels expressed a rejection of various British innovations and administrative changes introduced during the 19th century. They sought to dismantle these changes and revert to the pre-British administrative and political structures, emphasizing a return to traditional governance.
Calls for Unity among Different Sections:
Rebel leaders attempted to unite various sections of the society, including peasants, sepoys, and nobility, to form a cohesive force against British rule. This reflected a vision of a united front that transcended religious and regional differences, echoing a sense of unity reminiscent of pre-British times.
Question 8: What methods were adopted to establish unity among the Rebels?
Answer:
Methods Adopted to Establish Unity among the Rebels:
Symbolic Leadership:
Rebel leaders, such as Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, were presented as symbolic figures around whom different sections of society could rally. The idea of restoring a historical and revered figure provided a unifying symbol for the rebels.
Appeals to Common Grievances:
The rebel leaders highlighted common grievances shared by different groups, such as the economic exploitation, the use of greased cartridges, and the resentment against British policies. By emphasizing shared concerns, the leaders aimed to forge a sense of common purpose and unity.
Attempts at Social and Religious Harmony:
Efforts were made to bridge religious and social differences among the rebels. Messages promoting unity among Hindus and Muslims were circulated, encouraging a collective resistance against the British. This inclusivity aimed to overcome divisions and create a united front.
Question 9: Discuss about the evidences which show that the Rebels were working in a planned and organized manner.
Answer:
Strategic Coordination:
The rebels displayed strategic coordination in their military campaigns. Instances of simultaneous uprisings in different regions, such as Delhi, Kanpur, and Lucknow, indicate a well-organized approach. This simultaneous action suggested that rebel leaders had communicated and coordinated their efforts to maximize the impact of the uprising.
Capture of Important Centers:
The rebels strategically aimed to capture key centers of British power. The takeover of prominent locations, including Delhi, Kanpur, and Lucknow, demonstrated a calculated plan to seize important administrative and military centers. This indicated that the rebels had a clear strategy for disrupting British control.
Communication and Planning:
The rebels effectively utilized messengers and couriers to communicate their plans and strategies. The circulation of chapatis (unleavened flatbreads) and letters among different regions served as a means of conveying information and coordinating actions. This suggests a level of organization and planning among the rebels.
Question 10: What measures did the British take to quell the rebellion?
Answer:
Reinforcements and Military Action:
The British deployed additional troops and reinforcements to crush the rebellion. They engaged in decisive military actions, including sieges and battles, to regain control of key centers such as Delhi, Kanpur, and Lucknow. The use of superior military strength was a primary measure to suppress the uprising.
Policies of Repression:
The British adopted a policy of harsh repression to deter further rebellion. They carried out punitive actions, including mass executions, reprisals against civilians, and the imposition of severe penalties on rebel leaders. These measures were aimed at instilling fear and discouraging support for the uprising.
Divide and Rule Strategies:
The British employed strategies to divide the rebel forces. They exploited existing religious, caste, and regional differences among the rebels, aiming to create internal divisions and weaken the united front against British rule. This divisive approach contributed to the eventual suppression of the rebellion.
Question 11: What were the complaints of Indian soldiers against the British rule before the revolt?
Answer:
Introduction of New Enfield Rifles:
The introduction of the new Enfield rifles by the British raised significant concerns among the sepoys. The cartridges for these rifles were rumored to be greased with a mixture of cow and pig fat. For both Hindu and Muslim sepoys, using these cartridges violated their religious beliefs, leading to resentment and protests.
Discrimination and Discontent:
Indian sepoys faced discriminatory practices within the British East India Company’s army. While British soldiers received higher pay and better opportunities for promotions, Indian sepoys often experienced lower wages, fewer promotions, and limited career advancement. This discrimination created discontent among the sepoys, contributing to their dissatisfaction with British rule.
Loss of Allowances and Pension Grievances:
The British implemented various cost-cutting measures, including the reduction of allowances and changes in pension policies for Indian soldiers. The sepoys were particularly aggrieved by these economic policies, as they perceived them as a direct threat to their financial well-being and future security. These grievances added to the overall discontent among the Indian soldiers.
Question 12: “The Rebel proclamations in 1857 repeatedly appealed to all sections of the population, irrespective of their caste and creed”. Discuss.
Answer:
Inclusive Appeals:
The rebel proclamations explicitly made inclusive appeals, addressing people from various religious and social backgrounds. The leaders of the rebellion sought to unite Hindus and Muslims, as well as people from different castes and regions, against the common enemy – the British. This inclusive language aimed to create a sense of unity among the diverse population.
Emphasis on Common Grievances:
The proclamations highlighted common grievances shared by people of different backgrounds, emphasizing issues such as economic exploitation, cultural disrespect, and the perceived threat to religious practices. By focusing on these shared concerns, the rebel leaders aimed to forge a sense of collective resistance that transcended religious and caste differences.
Symbolic Figures as Unifying Symbols:
The rebel leaders, including Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, and other local leaders, were presented as symbolic figures with historical significance. By rallying around these figures, the rebels aimed to create a unifying symbol that transcended religious and caste distinctions, fostering a sense of shared identity and purpose.
Question 13: The Revolt of 1857 was not only a military Revolt but was a revolt of the peasants, the landholders, the tribals and the rulers. Explain.
Answer:
Peasants’ Uprising:
The revolt witnessed significant participation from the agrarian class, including peasants. The peasants were adversely affected by the economic policies of the British, such as the introduction of the new land revenue system and heavy taxation. The increased revenue demands imposed economic hardships on the peasants, motivating them to join the rebellion against British rule.
Landholders and Rulers’ Opposition:
The revolt garnered support from landholders, including taluqdars and local rulers, who were dispossessed and marginalized by British annexations and policies. The annexation of Awadh, for example, led to the displacement of taluqdars, creating a sense of discontent and resistance. The rulers of various princely states also joined the rebellion, as they opposed British interference in their traditional authority.
Tribal Participation:
Tribal communities were active participants in the revolt, especially in regions like Central India and parts of Bihar. The British policies of land acquisition, forest regulations, and the disruption of traditional ways of life adversely affected tribal communities. Their resistance was a response to these socio-economic changes imposed by the British, highlighting the widespread nature of the uprising.
Question 14: How much did rumours and predictions contribute to the revolt of 1857? Explain.
Answer:
Religious Apprehensions:
Rumors regarding the use of animal fat in the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles created religious apprehensions among both Hindu and Muslim sepoys. The false belief that the cartridges were greased with pig and cow fat, which were considered impure in their respective religions, led to widespread resentment and heightened religious sensitivities.
Prophecies and Predictions:
There were prophecies and predictions circulating among the Indian population, particularly regarding the fall of British rule and the return of indigenous rulers to power. These prophetic messages often exploited popular beliefs and sentiments, creating a sense of anticipation and encouragement among the people to join the rebellion against the British.
Fear and Anxiety:
Rumors about British intentions and actions, such as the alleged poisoning of wells and planned destruction of temples and mosques, fueled fear and anxiety among the local population. These false stories contributed to the overall atmosphere of mistrust and suspicion, creating a sense of urgency among the people to resist perceived threats.
Question 15: Why did people believe in rumours? Explain with three examples. Or Mention those British policies due to which people started believing in rumours.
Answer:
Doctrine of Lapse:
The implementation of the Doctrine of Lapse by the British, where they annexed states if rulers died without a natural heir, created apprehensions among Indian rulers and aristocracy. Rumors circulated that the British were deliberately annexing states to undermine Indian authority and heritage. This fear contributed to the belief in rumors about British intentions to destroy local institutions.
Economic Policies and Taxation:
British economic policies, including heavy taxation and the introduction of the new land revenue system, created economic hardships for peasants and landholders. As people experienced economic distress, rumors about British intentions to exploit and impoverish the Indian population gained traction. The discontent fueled by economic policies made people more receptive to rumors of British malintentions.
- LONG QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
Question 1: Revolt of 1857 was merely a military Revolt or first struggle. Give reasonable answers.
Answer:
Multifaceted Nature:
The revolt was not solely confined to military grievances. It involved the active participation and support of peasants, landholders, tribal communities, and various rulers. The uprising was a manifestation of widespread discontent against British policies that affected diverse sections of the Indian population.
Economic Grievances:
Economic factors played a crucial role in the revolt. The introduction of new land revenue policies, heavy taxation, and economic exploitation were major sources of discontent among peasants, landholders, and other economic classes. The economic grievances went beyond the military and contributed to the broader social uprising.
Social and Religious Factors:
Social and religious factors were integral to the revolt. The British policies of cultural insensitivity, the greased cartridge controversy, and interference with religious practices angered both Hindus and Muslims. The rebellion saw a unified resistance based on shared cultural and religious sentiments, extending beyond military concerns.
Political Resistance:
The revolt also had a strong political dimension. Princely states and local rulers, dispossessed by British annexations and policies, actively participated in the uprising. The rebels sought to restore indigenous rulers and resist the political dominance of the British East India Company.
Symbolic Leadership:
The rebellion had symbolic leaders such as Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, who became a focal point for the revolt. The rallying around symbolic figures demonstrated the desire to restore a pre-British political order and regain a sense of national identity.
Unity Across Regions:
The uprising displayed a remarkable degree of unity across different regions of India. Simultaneous uprisings in various parts of the country, such as Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, and Jhansi, showcased a coordinated effort that went beyond localized grievances.
Impact on Future Nationalism:
The events of 1857 had a lasting impact on the trajectory of Indian nationalism. While the immediate goals of the rebels were not fully realized, the rebellion sowed the seeds of a nationalistic sentiment that would eventually lead to a more organized and widespread struggle against British rule in the coming decades.
Question 2: What did the Rebels want? To what extent did the vision of different social groups differ? Explain.
Answer:
Peasants and Economic Aspirations:
Peasants formed a significant part of the rebel forces, and their primary aspirations were rooted in economic grievances. The British land revenue policies, heavy taxation, and economic exploitation adversely affected the livelihoods of peasants. The rebels sought relief from economic hardships, reduction in taxes, and a return to a more equitable agrarian system.
Landholders and Restoration of Authority:
Landholders, including taluqdars and local rulers, participated in the revolt with the hope of restoring their lost authority and autonomy. The annexation of states and the implementation of the Doctrine of Lapse had dispossessed them of their traditional positions of power. Their vision included regaining political control over their territories and preserving the socio-political order that existed before British interference.
Military Grievances:
The sepoys, representing the military class, had specific grievances related to their service conditions and religious beliefs. The introduction of the new Enfield rifles and the use of greased cartridges offended the religious sentiments of both Hindu and Muslim sepoys. Their vision included the restoration of the old order within the military, protection of religious practices, and improved treatment.
Princely States and Political Autonomy:
Princely states and rulers participated in the revolt to resist British interference in their internal affairs. Their vision involved the preservation of political autonomy and the restoration of their pre-British authority. The rebels aimed to establish a political structure where indigenous rulers had a more significant role in governance.
Nationalistic Sentiments:
The revolt also witnessed the emergence of nationalistic sentiments. Some rebels, particularly the educated elite, envisioned a united India free from British rule. They sought to transcend regional and communal differences and create a collective identity against colonial oppression. The revolt laid the groundwork for future nationalist movements.
Religious and Cultural Identity:
The rebels were driven by a desire to protect and preserve their religious and cultural identity. The greased cartridge controversy and perceived cultural disrespect by the British fueled a vision of resisting foreign influence and safeguarding traditional practices.
Question 3: Describe what the visual representations reveal about the leveAt 1857.
Answer:
Depiction of Leaders and Participants:
Visual representations often feature depictions of rebel leaders, local rulers, and participants in the revolt. Artists and photographers captured the faces and expressions of individuals involved, conveying the diverse backgrounds and emotions of those who took part in the rebellion.
Symbolism and Iconography:
Visuals employed various symbols and iconography to convey messages. The use of symbolic figures, such as Bahadur Shah II, or the depiction of key events, conveyed a narrative that went beyond the literal representation. Symbolism played a crucial role in conveying the aspirations and ideals associated with the revolt.
Battle Scenes and Military Campaigns:
Many visual representations depict battle scenes and military campaigns during the revolt. These images provide insights into the strategies, weapons, and intensity of the conflicts. Artists and photographers documented the key moments of the uprising, showcasing the military aspect of the revolt.
Impact on Urban and Rural Life:
Visual records often depict the impact of the revolt on urban and rural life. Images may show the aftermath of battles, the destruction of cities, or the disruption of daily life. These visuals offer a glimpse into the societal upheaval caused by the rebellion.
Cultural and Religious Imagery:
Visual representations frequently incorporate cultural and religious imagery. The greased cartridge controversy, religious sentiments, and cultural identity are often portrayed in paintings and sketches. This helps in understanding the role of cultural and religious factors in shaping the rebellion.
British Perspective:
Some visuals provide a glimpse of the British perspective on the revolt. British artists and photographers documented their experiences, showcasing scenes of suppression, military victories, and the aftermath of the rebellion. These visuals offer insights into the colonial viewpoint.
Impact on Nationalist Sentiments:
Visual representations created after the revolt reflect its impact on nationalist sentiments. Later depictions often sought to portray the rebels as heroic figures in the struggle against colonial rule. These visuals contributed to shaping the historical memory of the revolt and its significance in the Indian nationalist narrative.
Question 4: Why was the revolt particularly widespread in Awadh? Describe what prompted the peasants, taluqdars and zamindars to join the revolt.
Answer:
Annexation of Awadh:
The annexation of Awadh in 1856 by the British was a crucial factor that triggered widespread resentment. The annexation was carried out under the Doctrine of Lapse, a policy that allowed the British to annex princely states if they lacked a natural heir. This policy was perceived as an unjust and arbitrary measure, leading to the displacement of the ruling nawabs and the disruption of the traditional political order.
Economic Exploitation and Land Revenue Policies:
The economic policies of the British, particularly their land revenue system, played a significant role in fostering discontent. The British imposed heavy land taxes and economic burdens on the peasants, causing economic distress. The zamindars and taluqdars, who traditionally collected revenue from peasants, were adversely affected by the increased revenue demands imposed by the British, leading to financial hardships.
Displacement of Taluqdars:
The taluqdars, who were large landholders and intermediaries, faced displacement and loss of power after the annexation. The British implemented policies that marginalized the authority of taluqdars, eroding their traditional positions of influence. This displacement and loss of authority prompted taluqdars to join the revolt in an attempt to resist British interference in their land and governance.
Cultural and Religious Grievances:
The cultural and religious grievances of the people in Awadh were aggravated by British actions. The greased cartridge controversy and perceived disrespect to religious practices fueled sentiments against the British. These cultural and religious factors contributed to a sense of collective outrage, providing an ideological basis for the rebellion.
Peasant Discontent:
Peasants in Awadh, burdened by heavy taxes and economic exploitation, were motivated to join the rebellion as a means of seeking relief from their economic hardships. The revolt offered an opportunity for the peasants to resist oppressive economic policies and to challenge the socio-economic order imposed by the British.
Question 5: Discuss the extent to which religious beliefs shaped the events of 1857.
Answer:
The 1857 Revolt, also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857 or the First War of Independence, was a significant turning point in India’s struggle against British colonial rule. Religious sentiments played a pivotal role in shaping the events of this revolt. Let’s delve into how religious beliefs influenced the course of the rebellion:
Christian Missionaries and Material Benefits:
- Christian missionaries were actively involved in converting Indians to Christianity. They often promised material benefits to those who converted. This approach antagonized many Indians, leading them to view the British with suspicion and resentment.
- The perceived exploitation of religious sentiments for conversion fueled discontent among the populace.
Lord William Bentinck’s Reforms:
- Lord William Bentinck, the Governor-General of India, initiated several reforms during his tenure.
- He abolished practices like sati (the immolation of widows on their husband’s funeral pyre) and allowed remarriage of Hindu widows. While these reforms were progressive, they clashed with traditional Hindu beliefs and practices.
- Many Hindus considered these steps as an attack on their religious ideology and customs.
Introduction of Western Education and Ideas:
- The British introduced western education, ideas, and institutions in India. English-medium schools were established.
- However, some Hindus perceived these efforts as veiled attempts to encourage religious conversion. They feared that the British were undermining traditional Indian values and promoting Westernization.
Destruction of Sacred Ideals:
- The British administration’s policies and actions were seen as threats to sacred ideals cherished by the Indian population.
- Whether it was the suppression of religious practices or the perceived disrespect towards Indian traditions, these actions fueled resentment and contributed to the revolt.
Christian Missionaries’ Criticism of Hindu Scriptures:
- Christian missionaries openly criticized Hindu scriptures and religious texts.
- This angered many Hindus, who felt that their faith was under attack. The clash between religious beliefs intensified the rebellion.
Question 6: What contribution did art and literature make in reviving the memory of 1857?
Answer:
Art and literature played a significant role in preserving and perpetuating the memory of the 1857 Indian Rebellion. Through various forms of artistic expression, the events and stories of this historic revolt were immortalized, creating a cultural connection to the past. Let’s delve into the ways in which art and literature contributed:
Heroic Depictions of Leaders:
- The leaders of the revolt were portrayed as heroic figures who fearlessly led the country into battle. Their valor and sacrifice were celebrated through paintings, sculptures, and literary works.
- For instance, Rani Lakshmi Bai, the Queen of Jhansi, was depicted as a masculine figure chasing the enemy, slaying British soldiers, and valiantly fighting until her last breath. Popular prints often portrayed her in battle armor, riding a horse—a symbol of determination to resist injustice and alien rule.
Rousing Public Sentiment:
- Art and literature helped rouse the people to righteous indignation against oppressive imperial rule. Poems, songs, and narratives conveyed the spirit of rebellion and the desire for freedom.
- Subhadra Kumari Chauhan’s famous poem, “Khoob lari mardani woh to Jhansi wali rani thi,” celebrated Rani Lakshmi Bai’s courage and unwavering commitment to the motherland.
Perpetuating Collective Memory:
- Paintings, murals, and folk art depicted key moments from the rebellion, ensuring that these events remained etched in the collective memory.
- Literature, including historical accounts, novels, and plays, provided detailed narratives of the uprising, keeping the memory alive for generations to come.
Question 7: British did not have an easy time putting down the rebellion of 1857. Verify this statement with appropriate examples.
Answer:
The Revolt of 1857, also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857 or the First War of Independence, was a significant uprising against British colonial rule in India. Contrary to the British expectation of swift suppression, the rebellion posed formidable challenges. Let’s delve into the reasons why the British did not have an easy time quelling this revolt:
Leadership and Coordination:
The rebels sought leadership and organization to confront the British. They turned to erstwhile rulers who had led before British colonization:
- Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal Emperor, was initially hesitant but eventually accepted the nominal leadership of the rebellion. His endorsement legitimized the revolt in the name of the Mughal dynasty.
- Nana Sahib in Kanpur, the successor of Peshwa Baji Rao II, was implored by sepoys and townspeople to join and lead the revolt.
- Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi was pressured to assume leadership due to her popularity and strong determination against British rule.
- Kunwar Singh, a zamindar in Arrah (Bihar), guided and led the people.
- The people of Awadh hailed Birjis Qadr, the young son of displaced Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, as their leader.
Planning and Coordination:
The rebellion exhibited meticulous planning and coordination:
- Sepoys collaborated with ordinary people, both targeting white individuals and their allies.
- The simultaneous uprisings across different regions indicated a well-coordinated effort.
- Peasants and villagers in Awadh actively supported the sepoys, portraying the movement as a popular uprising.
Challenges Faced by the British:
Reduced British Army Strength:
- Sepoys turned against the British, leading to a reduction in the size of the British army.
- The defection of Indian soldiers weakened the British forces.
Local Support for Rebels:
- Peasants and villagers in Awadh and other areas actively assisted the sepoys.
- The insurrection gained momentum, appearing as a limited mass movement.
Fear and Terror Campaign:
- The British responded with repression, attempting to instill fear and prevent future challenges.
- Despite these efforts, it took a full year to suppress the revolt and re-establish control over Indian society.
- By 1858, the East India Company no longer governed India, and it was dissolved by the British.
Question 8: How did the British government annex the power of taluqdars of Awadh during 1857? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Doctrine of Lapse:
The Doctrine of Lapse was a policy introduced by Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of India, which allowed the British to annex princely states if they lacked a natural heir. This policy was applied to Awadh, even though it had a ruler, Wajid Ali Shah. The British argued that Wajid Ali Shah was incompetent, and Awadh was annexed under the pretext of the Doctrine of Lapse in February 1856.
Allegations of Mismanagement:
The British justified the annexation by citing allegations of mismanagement against Wajid Ali Shah. They accused him of financial extravagance, inadequate administration, and a failure to maintain law and order. These allegations served as a pretext to annex Awadh and remove Wajid Ali Shah from power.
Economic Exploitation:
The economic policies of the British, particularly the imposition of heavy land taxes and increased revenue demands, contributed to the economic exploitation of the taluqdars. The British sought to maximize revenue extraction, leading to financial hardships for the taluqdars who traditionally collected revenue from peasants. This economic exploitation weakened the economic power of the taluqdars.
Land Settlement Policies:
The British introduced new land settlement policies that undermined the authority of the taluqdars. The British sought to establish direct control over land revenue collection, bypassing the intermediaries like taluqdars. This shift in land settlement policies aimed to diminish the role and influence of the taluqdars in the revenue administration of Awadh.
Abolition of Local Courts and Administration:
The British dismantled the existing local administrative and legal systems in Awadh, replacing them with British administrators. The taluqdars lost their traditional roles in local governance and justice administration. The British implemented changes that centralized power and reduced the autonomy of local intermediaries, including the taluqdars.
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