- SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
Question 1: When and why was the non-cooperation movement launched? Explain the reasons behind calling off the movement.
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 as part of India’s struggle for independence. Here are the key points regarding its initiation and subsequent cessation:
Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement:
- Year: The movement began in 1920.
- Objective: It aimed to protest against British colonial rule and demand complete independence for India.
- Methods: The movement encouraged non-violent civil disobedience, urging Indians to boycott British institutions, schools, and goods.
Reasons for Calling Off the Movement:
- Chauri Chaura Incident: On February 4, 1922, during a clash between protestors and police in Chauri Chaura, a police station was set on fire, resulting in the death of 22 policemen. This violent incident deeply troubled Gandhi, who was a staunch advocate of non-violence.
- Deviation from Non-Violence: Gandhi believed that the protestors had strayed from the path of non-violent civil disobedience, which was the cornerstone of the movement.
- Decision to Call Off: Consequently, he decided to indefinitely call off the Non-Cooperation Movement to prevent further violence and maintain the movement’s integrity.
The Non-Cooperation Movement played a crucial role in India’s struggle for independence, but it was halted due to the Chauri Chaura incident and the deviation from non-violence principles.
Question 2: What were the rumours about the miraculous powers of Gandhiji?
Answer:
- Wherever Gandhiji went, rumours spread of his miraculous powers. In some places, it was said that he had been sent by the king to redress the grievances of the farmers and that he had the power to overrule all local officials.
- In other places, it was claimed that Gandhiji’s power was superior to that of the English monarch, and that with his arrival, the colonial rulers would flee the district. There were also stories reporting dire consequences for those who opposed him.
- Villagers who criticized Gandhiji found their houses mysteriously falling apart or their crops failing. Known variously as “Gandhi baba,” “Gandhi Maharaj,” or simply as “Mahatma,” Gandhiji appeared to the Indian peasant as a savior, who would rescue them from high taxes, oppressive officials, and restore dignity and autonomy to their lives.
- His appeal among the poor, especially peasants, was enhanced by his ascetic lifestyle and shrewd use of symbols such as the dhoti and the charkha. While most other politicians talked down to them, Gandhiji not only looked like them but also understood and related to their lives.
- His mass appeal was genuine, and his success in broadening the basis of nationalism was based on careful organization, taking the nationalist message to the farthest corners of the country and embracing social groups previously untouched by it.
Question 3: Analyses the Mountbatten plan.
Answer:
The Mountbatten Plan, also known as the June 3 Plan, was proposed by Lord Mountbatten, India’s last Viceroy, in May 1947. This groundbreaking plan suggested that the provinces should be acknowledged as independent successor states, granting them the authority to decide whether or not to join the constituent assembly.
Points of the Mountbatten Plan:
- Partition: British India was to be partitioned into two dominions – India and Pakistan.
- Constitutional Autonomy: The constitution framed by the Constituent Assembly would not be applicable to the Muslim-majority areas (as these would become Pakistan). The question of a separate constituent assembly for the Muslim-majority areas would be decided by these provinces.
- Princely States: Princely States, such as Jammu and Kashmir, were given a choice to either join India or Pakistan, with far-reaching consequences for both nations.
Question 4: When did Cabinet mission come to India and what were its recommendations?
Answer:
- The Cabinet Mission, dispatched to India in February 1946, was a high-powered delegation sent by the British Prime Minister, Clement Atlee. Its primary objective was to discuss the transfer of power from the British Indian government to Indian leaders.
- The mission consisted of three British cabinet members: Pethick Lawrence, the Secretary of State for India; Stafford Cripps, the President of the Board of Trade; and A.V. Alexander, the First Lord of Admiralty. Lord Wavell, although not a formal member, was also involved in the mission.
The recommendations put forth by the Cabinet Mission were as follows:
- Undivided India: The mission proposed an undivided India, rejecting the Muslim League’s demand for a separate Pakistan.
- Constitution-Making Body: The mission aimed to establish a constitution-making body called the Constituent Assembly of India.
- Executive Council: It sought to create an Executive Council with the support of major Indian parties.
However, the mission faced challenges due to ideological differences between the Congress Party and the Muslim League. Consequently, it formulated its own set of proposals in May 1946. These proposals included dividing the provinces into three groups and granting independence to the Dominion of India without partition. Despite its efforts, the mission ultimately failed due to the inability of the Indian parties to find common ground.
Question 5: “Gandhiji was as much a social reformer as he was a politician.” Clarify.
Answer:
Gandhiji, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, played dual roles in Indian history: that of a social reformer and a politician. Let’s delve into both aspects:
Social Reformer:
- Khadi Cloth Advocate: Gandhiji actively promoted the use of Khadi (hand-spun and hand-woven cloth) as a symbol of self-reliance and resistance against British colonial rule.
- Champion of Harijans: He had a compassionate stance toward the untouchables, whom he referred to as harijans, advocating for their upliftment and social inclusion.
Politician:
- Mass Movement Leader: As a politician, Gandhiji transformed the Indian National Movement into a broad-based mass movement. His strategic wisdom led to the choice of salt as a symbol of protest during the Salt March, which garnered widespread participation.
- Desire for Inclusive Nationalism: His speeches emphasized the need to make nationalism more representative of all Indians, not just the elite. For instance, his address at Banaras Hindu University highlighted this vision.
Question 6: Many scholars have written of the months after Independence as being Gandhiji’s “finest hour”. Give any three points in clarification.
Answer:
- Peace Advocacy and Communal Harmony:
- On August 15, 1947, India celebrated its independence, but Mahatma Gandhi was not present at the festivities in the capital. Instead, he was in Calcutta, where he marked the day with a 24-hour fast.
- The freedom he had tirelessly struggled for had come at a cost: a divided nation with tensions between Hindus and Muslims. Despite this, Gandhiji continued to plead for cooperation and communal harmony.
- Efforts to Bring Peace in Bengal:
- After working to restore peace in the riot-affected region of Bengal, Gandhiji shifted his focus to Delhi. His goal was to move on to the riot-torn districts of Punjab.
- In the capital, however, his meetings were disrupted by refugees who objected to readings from the Koran or shouted slogans, questioning why he did not speak about the sufferings of Hindus and Sikhs still living in Pakistan.
- Concern for Displaced People:
- Gandhiji’s concern extended to the displaced people in both India and Pakistan. He urged the two newly formed nations to respect and befriend each other.
- His tireless efforts aimed to build a spirit of mutual trust and confidence between the communities during this critical period.
Question 7: Explain the condition of India when Mahatma Gandhi returned in 1915.
Answer:
- Political Activity: India was still a British colony, but it had become more politically active. The Indian National Congress had established branches in major cities and towns, and the Swadeshi movement (1905-07) had broadened its appeal among the middle classes.
- Emergence of Leaders: During Gandhi’s absence, prominent leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai had emerged. These leaders advocated either militant opposition to colonial rule or a more gradual and persuasive approach.
- Gandhi’s Influence: Gandhi’s return marked a turning point. His philosophy of non-violence and Satyagraha revolutionized India’s struggle for independence. The Indian National Congress, previously ineffective, now looked to Gandhi as a central figure in the fight against British rule.
Question 8: Judge the significance of Lahore session of Congress held in 1929.
Answer:
The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress held in 1929 was a pivotal moment in India’s struggle for independence. Here are the key points that highlight its significance:
- Resolution of Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence):
- During this session, the Indian National Congress adopted the resolution of Poorna Swaraj, which aimed for complete independence from British rule.
- The declaration of Poorna Swaraj was made on 19th December 1929.
- This resolution marked a shift from the earlier demand for dominion status to an unwavering commitment to full freedom.
- The Congress and Indian nationalists resolved to fight for self-rule without any external control.
- Flag Hoisting by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru:
- On the banks of the Ravi River, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the Indian tricolor flag during this session.
- The flag symbolized the aspiration for complete independence.
- This historic moment galvanized the nation and inspired the struggle for freedom.
- Observance of Purna Swaraj Day:
- As a result of this session, the Congress decided to observe 26th January 1930 as Purna Swaraj Day (Total Independence Day).
- This day later became Republic Day when India’s Constitution was adopted in 1949.
- The choice of January 26th was significant, as it represented a milestone in India’s journey toward sovereignty.
Question 9. Why did Gandhiji choose to break salt law to commence Salt Satyagrahas? Clarify.
Answer:
Gandhiji decided to break the salt law as part of the Salt Satyagraha for several compelling reasons. Let’s delve into them:
- Monopoly on Salt: The British colonial administration held a monopoly over the manufacture and sale of salt. This meant that the state controlled the production and distribution of salt, imposing taxes on it. Gandhiji believed that this monopoly was unjust and oppressive.
- Essential Commodity: Salt was not merely a commodity; it was an essential part of people’s diet. Rich or poor, everyone needed salt for their daily meals. Taxing such a basic necessity was seen as morally wrong by Gandhiji.
- Symbol of Resistance: Breaking the salt law became a symbolic act of defiance against British authority. By leading the Salt March in 1930, Gandhiji aimed to mobilize people from all walks of life. The march covered a distance of 240 miles from Sabarmati to Dandi, where salt was collected from the seashore. This peaceful protest highlighted the broader desire for freedom and united people across social and economic backgrounds.
Question 10. Why Gandhiji started Salt satyagraha or Civil disobedience movement and what were its programmes?
Answer:
Gandhiji initiated the Salt Satyagraha, also known as the Salt March or Dandi March, as part of the Civil Disobedience Movement in colonial India.
Background:
- By 1930, the Congress Party had declared that complete independence (Poorna Swarajya) was the sole aim of the freedom struggle.
- Civil disobedience was chosen as the means to achieve this goal.
- Mahatma Gandhi was tasked with planning and organizing the first act of civil disobedience.
Salt Satyagraha:
- The mass civil disobedience movement aimed to protest the salt tax imposed by the British government in India.
- On March 12, 1930, Gandhi led a group of people from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a coastal village in Gujarat.
- There, they broke the salt law by producing salt from seawater.
Programmes of the Civil Disobedience Movement:
- Violation of the Salt Law and other laws.
- Non-payment of land revenue, rent, or other taxes.
- Boycott of law courts, legislatures, elections, Government functions, Government schools, and colleges.
- Boycott of foreign goods and cloth, and burning of foreign cloth.
Question 11. Why were the charkha chosen as a symbol of a human society?
Answer:
The Charkha as a Symbol of Nationalism:
Manual Labor Symbolism: Mahatma Gandhi considered the charkha (spinning wheel) as a representation of manual labor. He firmly believed in the dignity of labor and preferred working with his own hands. By adopting the charkha, he aimed to emphasize the value of manual work over machines and technology.
Opposition to Machines: Gandhiji opposed machines because he believed they enslaved human beings. In contrast, the charkha was a simple tool that empowered individuals. By promoting the charkha, he sought to glorify manual labor and self-reliance, rather than relying on industrial machinery1.
Breaking Caste Barriers: Spinning at the charkha allowed Gandhiji to transcend traditional caste boundaries. He encouraged other nationalist leaders to spin daily, making the charkha a powerful symbol of nationalism and unity. Additionally, the charkha provided supplementary income to the poor, fostering self-reliance among the masses.
Question 12. How private letters and autobiography are different from government reports and what glimpses do these give us about a person?
Answer:
Private Letters and Autobiographies:
- Private letters are personal correspondences exchanged between individuals. They reveal the language proficiency, writing style, and interpersonal relationships of the writer.
- Autobiographies provide a comprehensive account of an individual’s life, including details like birthplace, family background, education, interests, and personal experiences.
- Both sources offer glimpses into an individual’s personality, preferences, and life events.
Government Reports:
- Official accounts are prepared by government-appointed individuals or commissions. They serve specific objectives and maintain secrecy.
- These reports lack the personal touch found in private letters and autobiographies.
- Views contrary to the government may be stifled in official accounts due to guidelines and restrictions.
Question 13. The initiatives in Champaran, Ahmedabad and Kheda marked Gandhiji out as a nationalist with a deep sympathy for the poor. Examine the statement.
Answer:
Gandhiji’s initiatives in Champaran, Ahmedabad, and Kheda demonstrated his commitment to both nationalism and social justice.
Champaran Movement (1917):
- In response to the plight of indigo farmers, Gandhiji actively campaigned for their rights. He sought freedom for peasants, secure land tenure, and the liberty to cultivate crops of their choice. His involvement in Champaran showcased his nationalist spirit and empathy for the poor.
Ahmedabad Textile Workers’ Struggle (1918):
- Gandhiji advocated for better working conditions and fair treatment of textile mill workers in Ahmedabad. His efforts reflected his concern for labor rights and social justice.
Kheda Satyagraha (1918):
- When the Kheda region faced crop failure and peasants struggled to pay taxes, Gandhiji led a nonviolent protest demanding tax remission. His support for the distressed farmers highlighted his nationalist sentiments and compassion for the impoverished.
Question 14. When, why and who declared the direct-action day?
Answer:
Direct Action Day, also known as the 1946 Calcutta Killings, was a significant event during the pre-independence period of India. Here’s a concise answer for you:
When: On 16th August 1946.
Why: The All-India Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, declared this day as “Direct Action Day” to demand a separate Muslim homeland after the British exit from India. Jinnah threatened to take direct action if Muslims were denied Pakistan.
Who: The initiative was taken by the Muslim League.
- This day marked large-scale violence between Muslims and Hindus in Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) in the Bengal province of British India. It also set the stage for further events leading up to the Partition of India. The consequences of Direct Action Day continue to be a topic of historical debate and analysis.
Question 15. Write the names of those followers of Gandhiji who contributed in the development of Gandhian Nationalism.
Answer:
The names of some prominent followers of Mahatma Gandhi who significantly contributed to the development of Gandhian Nationalism:
Mahadev Desai: A close associate of Gandhiji, he played a crucial role in organizing and supporting various movements.
Vallabh Bhai Patel: Patel actively supported Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement and worked to recruit members for the cause.
Sarojini Naidu: The poet and freedom fighter participated in the Salt March and was jailed alongside Gandhi and other leaders.
- LONG QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
Question 1: Write in detail the causes and result of the salt movement launched by Gandhiji in 1930.
Answer:
The Salt March (Dandi March) – Causes and Impact
1. Background and Context:
British Colonial Rule: India was under British colonial rule, and the British Empire had a stranglehold on salt production.
- Salt Tax: The essential mineral, salt, was heavily taxed by the colonial power. Indians were prohibited from producing or selling salt independently.
- Unjust Taxation: The salt tax disproportionately affected the poor majority who couldn’t afford expensive, imported salt.
2. Gandhi’s Strategy:
- Civil Disobedience: Mahatma Gandhi believed in nonviolent civil disobedience (satyagraha) as a powerful tool against British oppression.
- Symbolic Protest: He chose salt as a symbol of resistance because it was a basic necessity and touched the lives of every Indian.
3. The Salt March (Dandi March):
- Route: On March 12, 1930, Gandhi set out on foot from his ashram in Sabarmati (near Ahmedabad) to the coastal town of Dandi (near Surat) in Gujarat.
- 240-Mile Journey: Accompanied by several dozen followers, he covered approximately 240 miles (385 km) over 24 days.
- Daily Rallies: Along the route, Gandhi addressed villagers, rallying against the unfair salt tax. Crowds grew larger each day.
4. The Historic Moment:
- April 6, 1930: Gandhi and his followers reached Dandi.
- Breaking the Law: On the morning of April 6, they picked up handfuls of salt from the shore, technically “producing” salt and breaking the British salt laws.
- Symbolic Act: This act was symbolic—a peaceful violation of an unjust law.
5. Impact and Significance:
- Mass Civil Disobedience: Gandhi’s action sparked large-scale civil disobedience across India. Millions of Indians followed suit, making salt illegally.
- Unity and Awareness: The Salt March united people across caste, class, and religion against British rule.
- International Attention: The global media covered the event, drawing attention to India’s struggle for freedom.
- Gandhi-Irwin Pact: The British government eventually negotiated with Gandhi, leading to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931.
6. Legacy:
- Symbol of Resistance: The Salt March remains a powerful symbol of India’s fight against colonial oppression.
- Inspiration: It inspired subsequent movements and strengthened the resolve of freedom fighters.
Question 2: 1922 Gandhij i became a people’s leader.’ Analyze.
Answer:
During the period from 1917 to 1922, Mahatma Gandhi played a significant role as a people’s leader in India. His emergence as a prominent figure in the Indian freedom struggle transformed the National Movement into a mass movement. Let’s delve deeper into this pivotal phase:
- Non-Cooperation Movement:
- In 1919, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre shocked the nation, and Gandhi realized the need for a non-violent and mass-based movement.
- In 1920, he launched the Non-Cooperation Movement, urging Indians to boycott British institutions, schools, and courts.
- The movement gained immense popularity, with millions participating in hartals, boycotts, and satyagraha.
- Gandhi’s call for swadeshi (using Indian-made goods) and khadi (homespun cloth) resonated with the masses.
- Salt March (Dandi March):
- In 1930, Gandhi undertook the historic Salt March to protest the British monopoly on salt production.
- This symbolic act galvanized the masses, emphasizing the power of civil disobedience and non-violent resistance.
- The choice of salt as a symbol was strategic, as it affected every Indian household.
- Mass Mobilization:
- Gandhi’s ability to mobilize the masses was unparalleled. He connected with people across social classes, regions, and languages.
- His emphasis on simplicity, self-reliance, and non-violence resonated deeply.
- The Champaran and Kheda agitations showcased his commitment to peasants’ rights.
- Empowerment of the Marginalized:
- Gandhi worked tirelessly for the upliftment of untouchables (now known as Dalits).
- He advocated for their rights, access to temples, and dignity.
- His efforts led to the Poona Pact (1932), ensuring reserved seats for Dalits in legislatures.
- Nationalism and Unity:
- Gandhi’s vision of nationalism extended beyond political freedom. He emphasized social reform, economic self-sufficiency, and Hindu-Muslim unity.
- His speeches at institutions like Banaras Hindu University highlighted the need for a broader, more inclusive nationalism.
- The Great Trial of 1922:
- In 1922, Gandhi faced trial for sedition during the Non-Cooperation Movement.
- His refusal to defend himself and his commitment to truth and non-violence left a lasting impact.
- The trial marked a turning point, reinforcing Gandhi’s status as a people’s leader.
Question 3: Gandhiji converted the national movement into a people’s movement. Clarify.
Answer:
- Civil Disobedience Movement:
- Context: The year was 1930, and India was still under British colonial rule. The non-cooperation movement, which had occurred a decade earlier, had not achieved the desired results.
- Gandhiji’s Approach: Mahatma Gandhi believed in mobilizing the masses and harnessing their collective strength. He realized that mere intellectual debates and political maneuvering were insufficient to bring about real change.
- Civil Disobedience: On March 12, 1930, Gandhiji inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement by embarking on the historic Dandi Salt March. He walked from his Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, breaking the Salt Laws imposed by the British.
- Impact: This act of defiance resonated across the nation. People from all walks of life joined the movement. They violated laws, sold banned political pamphlets, and withheld rents. Women actively participated by spinning and picketing government offices and foreign goods shops.
- Significance:
- The movement marked a crucial phase in India’s struggle for freedom.
- It gained global attention and disrupted British imports.
- Muslims, including middle and upper-class women, actively participated.
- The Congress party’s popularity surged due to this mass movement.
- Satyagraha and Empowerment:
- Gandhian Techniques: Gandhiji’s approach was rooted in Satyagraha (non-violent resistance). He called for non-cooperation with the British government and encouraged civil disobedience.
- Empowering Women: Gandhiji recognized the pivotal role of women. He urged them to spin khadi (handspun cloth) and participate in protests. This involvement of women was novel and invigorated the movement.
- Unity and Sacrifice:
- Unity: Gandhiji’s efforts created a sense of unity among Indians. People from diverse backgrounds rallied together for a common cause.
- Sacrifice: The Civil Disobedience Movement prepared the people for sacrifice. It instilled a spirit of selflessness and commitment to the nation.
Question 4: Analyze the important events which led to Quit India movement. Explain the main characteristics of this movement and examine the role of mahatma Gandhi in it.
Answer:
The Quit India Movement of 1942 was a significant milestone in India’s struggle for independence against British colonial rule. Several events and factors led to the initiation of this movement.
- Failure of the Cripps Mission:
The Cripps Mission of 1942 was an attempt by the British government to negotiate with Indian leaders for their support in World War II. However, the proposals fell short of Indian expectations as they did not promise immediate self-rule. The lack of a clear commitment to independence frustrated Indian leaders and paved the way for a more assertive movement.
- Disappointment with the British War Effort:
Indians were disillusioned by the British government’s handling of the war and its failure to address their aspirations for self-governance. The British reluctance to involve Indians in key decision-making processes during the war fueled resentment among the Indian populace.
- Japanese Threat:
The Japanese advance in Southeast Asia heightened concerns about India’s vulnerability and the need for a strong, united response. Some Indian leaders, including Subhas Chandra Bose, believed that supporting the Axis powers might expedite India’s independence.
Characteristics of the Quit India Movement:
- Mass Participation:
The Quit India Movement was marked by widespread popular participation, cutting across regional, social, and economic lines. People from all walks of life, including students, peasants, workers, and professionals, actively joined the movement.
- Nonviolent Civil Disobedience:
Mahatma Gandhi emphasized nonviolent civil disobedience as the central tactic of the movement. The protesters engaged in strikes, demonstrations, and non-cooperation with the British authorities.
- Repressive British Response:
The British government responded to the movement with severe repression. Thousands of activists were arrested, and the government clamped down on the press and communication channels. The violence that erupted in some areas was met with a heavy-handed response.
Role of Mahatma Gandhi:
- Mahatma Gandhi played a pivotal role in the Quit India Movement. His call for “Do or Die” galvanized the masses and set the tone for the movement. Gandhi’s emphasis on nonviolence was a crucial factor in maintaining the moral high ground and garnering international support for India’s cause.
- Despite being arrested early in the movement, Gandhi’s influence persisted. His teachings inspired a sense of unity among diverse groups, and his vision for a free India became a rallying point for the activists.
Question 5: Why the quit India movement was called spontaneous movement? Examine.
Answer:
The Quit India Movement of 1942 is often characterized as a spontaneous and mass uprising due to several factors that distinguish it from previous movements in India’s struggle for independence. The term “spontaneous” is used to highlight the sudden and widespread nature of people’s participation without a centralized, pre-planned structure. Here are some reasons why the Quit India Movement is considered a spontaneous movement:
- Immediate Trigger:
- The movement was triggered by the failure of the Cripps Mission in 1942, which did not meet Indian expectations for self-rule. The disappointment with the British government’s ambiguous stance and the absence of a clear commitment to Indian independence led to an outburst of public sentiment.
- Absence of Formal Leadership:
- Unlike earlier movements where leaders meticulously planned and organized protests, the Quit India Movement lacked a well-defined leadership structure at its inception.
- The leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, were arrested early in the movement, leaving a leadership vacuum. This absence of centralized leadership allowed local initiatives to flourish, contributing to the spontaneous nature of the movement.
- Diverse Participation:
- The movement saw widespread participation from various segments of society, including students, peasants, workers, professionals, and even women. This broad-based involvement indicated a groundswell of public sentiment that was not confined to any specific group or region.
- Symbolic “Do or Die” Call:
- Mahatma Gandhi’s iconic “Do or Die” call added a sense of urgency and immediacy to the movement. This symbolic rallying cry inspired people to take immediate action, contributing to the spontaneous and emotional character of the protests.
5. Local Initiatives:
- In the absence of centralized planning, local leaders and activists took the initiative to organize protests, strikes, and demonstrations. This decentralized approach allowed for a variety of strategies to emerge across different regions, contributing to the spontaneous nature of the movement.
6. Repressive British Response:
- The swift and harsh response from the British authorities, including mass arrests of leaders and activists, fueled public anger and intensified the protest.
- The repressive measures employed by the British government, such as the censorship of the press and communication channels, further escalated tensions and contributed to the spontaneous outpouring of dissent.
7. Grassroots Mobilization:
- The movement gained momentum at the grassroots level, with ordinary citizens actively participating in protests against British rule. This grassroots mobilization reflected a genuine and widespread desire for independence among the Indian population.
Question 6: Explain the role of Mahatma Gandhi in various national movements.
Answer:
1. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922):
- Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement as a response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the repressive Rowlatt Act. He urged Indians to boycott British institutions, including schools, and to refuse to cooperate with the British administration.
- The movement gained widespread support, marking the first large-scale, nationwide mobilization against British rule.
- Gandhi emphasized the importance of nonviolence, encouraging people to resist without resorting to aggression.
2. Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934):
- The Civil Disobedience Movement was initiated with the Salt March in 1930, where Gandhi marched to the Arabian Sea to symbolically break the British salt monopoly.
- Gandhi’s emphasis on nonviolent protest and civil disobedience inspired people to join the movement, boycotting British goods, refusing to pay taxes, and participating in acts of nonviolent resistance.
- The movement significantly raised awareness about India’s quest for independence and exposed the injustices of British rule.
3. Quit India Movement (1942):
- In response to the failure of the Cripps Mission and escalating discontent with British rule, Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement in 1942.
- Gandhi’s call of “Do or Die” galvanized the masses, and despite his arrest early in the movement, his principles continued to guide the protesters.
- The movement showcased the power of nonviolent resistance on a mass scale, even in the face of severe repression by the British authorities.
4. Khilafat Movement (1919-1924):
- Gandhi recognized the potential for unity between Hindus and Muslims and supported the Khilafat Movement, which sought to protect the Ottoman Caliphate.
- His alliance with Muslim leaders like the Ali Brothers demonstrated his commitment to Hindu-Muslim unity in the struggle against colonialism.
5. Round Table Conferences (1930s):
- Gandhi represented Indian interests at the Round Table Conferences in London, advocating for constitutional reforms and an end to British colonial rule.
- While these conferences did not lead to immediate success, Gandhi’s presence on the international stage brought attention to the Indian independence movement.
6. Individual Satyagrahas:
- Gandhi launched individual Satyagrahas, emphasizing specific issues like the right to free speech and the release of political prisoners, as a precursor to larger movements.
- These campaigns demonstrated the power of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience in addressing specific grievances.
Question 7: Examine the role of many different kinds of sources from which the political career of Gandhiji and the history of the nationalist movement is reconstructed.
Answer:
1. Autobiographical Writings:
- Gandhi’s own writings, particularly his autobiography “The Story of My Experiments with Truth,” provide a first-person account of his political evolution, personal beliefs, and experiences. These writings offer a unique perspective on his motivations and the development of his philosophy.
2. Speeches and Letters:
- Gandhi’s speeches, letters, and correspondences with other leaders, both Indian and British, offer a glimpse into his strategic thinking, negotiations, and relationships. The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi is a compilation of his writings and speeches, serving as a valuable primary source.
3. Contemporary Newspapers and Journals:
- Newspapers and journals of the time, such as Young India and Harijan, edited by Gandhi himself, as well as others like The Hindustan Times and The Statesman, document the unfolding events and debates within the nationalist movement. Editorials, articles, and reports provide a contemporaneous view of the political landscape.
4. British Official Records:
- Official records and documents from the British colonial administration, including reports, correspondences, and government papers, offer insights into the British perspective on the nationalist movement. These records provide information on British policies, strategies, and responses to the evolving political scenario.
5. Biographies and Secondary Accounts:
- Biographies of Gandhi, written by authors like Louis Fischer, D.G. Tendulkar, and others, offer interpretations and analyses of Gandhi’s life and political career. Secondary accounts by historians contribute additional perspectives, allowing for a broader understanding of the complexities of the nationalist movement.
6. Oral Histories:
- Interviews with individuals who were contemporaries of Gandhi or actively participated in the nationalist movement provide a more personal and subjective dimension to the historical narrative. Oral histories capture the lived experiences of those who were part of the struggle.
7. Photographs and Visual Materials:
- Photographs, documentaries, and visual materials from the time provide a visual record of events, people, and the socio-political atmosphere. These visuals help in understanding the scale and impact of various movements and campaigns.
8. Government Reports and Commissions:
- Reports of various government commissions, such as the Hunter Commission and the Simon Commission, shed light on specific incidents, protests, and the government’s responses. These documents are essential for understanding the context and consequences of key events.
9. International Perspectives:
- Foreign diplomatic dispatches, letters, and memoirs from diplomats and observers provide an international perspective on the Indian nationalist movement. This includes insights into how the global community perceived and reacted to the unfolding events.
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