- Passage 1
Kings and traders
Krishnadeva Raya (ruled 1509-29), the most famous ruler of Vijayanagara, composed a work on statecraft in Telugu known as the Amuktamalyada. About traders he wrote: A king should improve the harbours of his country and so encourage its commerce that horses, elephants, precious gems, sandalwood, pearls and other articles are freely imported … He should arrange that the foreign sailors who land in his country on account of storms, illness and exhaustion are looked after in a suitable manner … Make the merchants of distant foreign countries who import elephants and good horses be attached to yourself by providing them with daily audience, presents and allowing decent profits. Then those articles will never go to your enemies.
Questions / Answer:
Question 1: What was Krishnadeva Raya’s perspective on improving commerce?
Answer: Krishnadeva Raya believed in improving harbors and encouraging commerce to freely import goods like horses, elephants, gems, sandalwood, pearls, and more.
Question 2: How did Krishnadeva Raya suggest treating foreign sailors?
Answer: Krishnadeva Raya suggested that foreign sailors landing in his country due to storms, illness, or exhaustion should be looked after in a suitable manner.
Question 3: How did Krishnadeva Raya propose to secure the loyalty of foreign merchants?
Answer: Krishnadeva Raya proposed attaching foreign merchants to himself by providing them with daily audiences, presents, and allowing them decent profits.
Question 4: According to Krishnadeva Raya, what was the benefit of keeping foreign merchants loyal?
Answer: Krishnadeva Raya believed that by keeping foreign merchants loyal, the goods they imported, like elephants and good horses, would not end up in the hands of his enemies.
Question 5: What did Krishnadeva Raya emphasize regarding the treatment of merchants from distant foreign countries?
Answer: Krishnadeva Raya emphasized the importance of providing merchants from distant foreign countries with daily audience, presents, and allowing them decent profits to maintain their loyalty and prevent goods from going to enemies.
- Passage 2
The bazaar
Paes gives a vivid description of the bazaar: Going forward, you have a broad and beautiful street … In this street live many merchants, and there you will find all sorts of rubies, and diamonds, and emeralds, and pearls, and seed-pearls, and cloths, and every other sort of thing there is on earth and that you may wish to buy. Then you have there every evening a fair where they sell many common horses and nags, and also many citrons, and limes, and oranges, and grapes, and every other kind of garden stuff, and wood; you have all in this street. More generally, he described the city as being “the best provided city in the world” with the markets “stocked with provisions such as rice, wheat, grains, India corn and a certain amount of barley and beans, moong, pulses and horse-gram” all of which were cheaply and abundantly available. According to Fernao Nuniz, the Vijayanagara markets were “overflowing with abundance of fruits, grapes and oranges, limes, pomegranates, jackfruit and mangoes and all very cheap”. Meat too was sold in abundance in the marketplaces. Nuniz describes “mutton, pork, venison, partridges, hares, doves, quail and all kinds of birds, sparrows, rats and cats and lizards” as being sold in the market of Bisnaga (Vijayanagara).
Questions / Answer:
Question 1: What did Paes describe as being available in the bazaar of Vijayanagara?
Answer: Paes described a variety of precious gems like rubies, diamonds, and emeralds, as well as pearls, cloths, horses, fruits, and other goods available in the bazaar.
Question 2: How did Paes characterize the daily fair in the bazaar?
Answer: Paes described the daily fair in the bazaar as a place where common horses, citrons, limes, oranges, grapes, garden produce, and wood were sold.
Question 3: What did Fernao Nuniz state about the provisioning of Vijayanagara markets?
Answer: Fernao Nuniz stated that the Vijayanagara markets were “stocked with provisions” such as rice, wheat, grains, India corn, barley, beans, moong, pulses, and horse-gram, all of which were cheap and abundant.
Question 4: What types of fruits were abundant and cheap in the Vijayanagara markets, according to Nuniz?
Answer: According to Nuniz, Vijayanagara markets were abundant with fruits like grapes, oranges, limes, pomegranates, jackfruit, and mangoes, all available at low prices.
Question 5: What types of meat were sold in abundance in the marketplaces of Vijayanagara, according to Nuniz?
Answer: Nuniz described various types of meat sold abundantly in Vijayanagara’s marketplaces, including mutton, pork, venison, partridges, hares, doves, quail, and various other birds, as well as sparrows, rats, cats, and lizards.
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