📝 1 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Who was the founder of the Mongol Empire?
A. Genghis Khan.
Q2. In which centuries did the Mongol Empire flourish?
A. 13th and 14th centuries.
Q3. Which grandson of Genghis Khan threatened the French ruler Louis IX?
A. Mongke (1251-60).
Q4. Which grandson of Genghis Khan destroyed Russian lands up to Moscow, seized Poland, and Hungary?
A. Batu.
Q5. What diverse tribes constituted the Mongols?
A. Tatars, Khitans, Manchus, and Turks.
Q6. What were the two main lifestyles among the Mongols?
A. Pastoral nomadism and hunter-gatherer.
Q7. What united the Mongols ethnically and linguistically?
A. Ethnic and language ties.
Q8. What was Genghis Khan’s original name?
A. Temujin.
Q9. Who raised Genghis Khan after his father’s assassination?
A. His mother, Oelun-eke.
Q10. What title did Genghis Khan take after being proclaimed the leader of the Mongols?
A. Genghis Khan, meaning ‘Oceanic ruler’ or ‘Universal Ruler.’
Q11. What was the main focus of Genghis Khan’s early military campaigns?
A. Conquering China.
Q12. Which Central Asian ruler’s execution led to Genghis Khan’s destructive campaigns in cities like Samarqand and Nishapur?
A. Muhammad, Shah of Khwarazm.
Q13. What was the military innovation that contributed to Genghis Khan’s success?
A. Use of siege engines and naphtha bombardment.
Q14. In what regions did the Mongol expansion primarily occur after Genghis Khan’s death?
A. Russia, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary (first phase); China, Iran, Iraq, Syria (second phase).
Q15. What was the name of Genghis Khan’s legal code?
A. Yasa.
Q16. In what region did Genghis Khan consider returning to Mongolia through, but changed his mind due to heat, natural habitat, and ill omens?
A. North India and Assam.
Q17. What was the term used for Genghis Khan’s military units, each consisting of 10,000 soldiers?
A. Tumen.
Q18. How did the Mongols provide ideological models for other historical figures?
A. Through their recruitment of administrators and armed contingents from various conquered lands, regardless of their rulers’ personal beliefs.
Q19. What did Genghis Khan envision for the rule of his sons after his death?
A. Collective rule with each son governing a specific region.
Q20. How did the Yasa serve the Mongol people?
A. It joined them around shared beliefs, recognized their affinity to Genghis Khan, and empowered them to impose their ‘law’ on defeated subjects.
📝 2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Describe the social structure of the Mongols during Genghis Khan’s time.
A. The Mongols were divided into patrilineal lineages, with richer families owning more animals and pastures. Conflicts over pasture lands led to alliances among families for defense or offense.
Q2. How did the Mongols engage in trade with their sedentary neighbors in China?
A. The Mongols exchanged horses and furs for agricultural produce and iron utensils from China due to the scarcity of resources in the steppe lands.
Q3. Outline Genghis Khan’s early life, including challenges he faced.
A. Genghis Khan, originally named Temujin, faced hardships, including his father’s assassination. He was later enslaved but overcame challenges, eventually becoming the dominant political figure in the steppe lands.
Q4. What were the major military campaigns undertaken by Genghis Khan?
A. Genghis Khan conquered China, invaded Amu Darya, reached Azerbaijan, and defeated Russian forces. He considered invading North India and Assam before his death in 1227.
Q5. How did Genghis Khan innovate in military strategies?
A. Genghis Khan perfected archery, utilized the Mongols’ horse-riding skills, and employed siege engines and naphtha bombardment for greater efficiency in warfare.
Here is a detailed 5 marks question and answer for Chapter 3: “Nomadic Empires” from Class 11 History:
📝 5 MARKS QUESTION
Q1. Describe the social and economic life of the Mongols during the time of Genghis Khan.
Answer:
Social Life:
- Diverse Tribes: The Mongols were made up of various tribes like the Tatars, Khitans, Manchus, and Turks, who spoke different dialects but were bound together by shared ethnic and linguistic ties.
- Nomadic Lifestyle: Most Mongols were pastoral nomads, moving with their herds of horses, sheep, goats, and camels across the vast steppes in search of fresh pastures.
- Patrilineal Lineages: The society was organized into patrilineal clans, where family ties and male lineage played a crucial role in social organization and inheritance. Richer families owned more livestock and had better access to pastures.
- Hunter-Gatherers: Some Mongol groups, especially those living in forested areas, followed a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, relying on hunting and foraging.
- Social Conflicts: Conflicts frequently occurred over pasture lands, which led to temporary alliances and rivalries between families and clans, contributing to political instability.
Economic Life:
- Barter Trade: The Mongols engaged in extensive trade with their sedentary neighbors, particularly with China. They exchanged horses and animal products like furs and hides for essential goods such as agricultural produce, grains, and iron utensils.
- Dependence on China: Due to the harsh steppe environment, the Mongols heavily depended on trade with China and other settled communities to acquire items they couldn’t produce themselves, such as textiles, tools, and weapons.
- Animal Husbandry: The Mongols’ economy was largely based on animal husbandry. Their herds provided meat, milk, leather, and wool, which were essential for their survival in the steppe environment.
- Looting and Raiding: While trade was crucial, Mongol tribes also resorted to raiding settled communities to obtain valuable goods. These raids were a part of their economic strategy, especially during times of scarcity.
- War Economy: Under Genghis Khan, the Mongol economy expanded through warfare. Conquests brought in wealth from looted cities, new trade routes, and tribute from subjugated peoples
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