Question 1: Development of a country can generally be determined by
- its per capita income
- its average literacy levels
- health status of its people
- all of the above
Answer: d. all of the above
Question 2: Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?
- Bangladesh
- Sri Lanka
- Nepal
- Pakistan
Answer: b. Sri Lanka
Question 3: Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs. 5000. If the income of three families is Rs. 4,000, Rs. 7,000 and Rs. 3,000, respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
- Rs. 7,500
- Rs. 3,000
- Rs. 2,000
- Rs. 6,000
Answer: d. Rs. 6,000
(4000+7000+3000+x) ÷ 4 = 5000
14000+x = 5000 × 4
x = 20000-14000
x = 6000
Question 4: What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer:
World Bank uses the per capita income to classify different countries. The per capita income is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by the population of the country. For the year 2017, the countries with a per capita income of US $12,056 per annum were declared rich countries, and the countries with a per capita income of US $ 955 or less are called low-income countries.
The limitations of the criterion are
- Other important factors, including literacy rate, infant mortality rate, and healthcare, are ignored while classifying the countries.
- Information about the unequal distribution of income is not mentioned by the World Bank
- The economy of the country cannot determine the development of the country.
Question 5: In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer:
The criterion used by UNDP is different from the one used by the World Bank because UNDP compares countries based on the educational level of the people, their health status and per capita income. This is in contrast with the method used by the World Bank because it only calculates the per capita income for measuring development.
Question 6: Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer:
- Calculating averages like per capita income helps provide a comparative overview, especially across countries with different population sizes. However, this method has limitations, particularly in capturing income distribution disparities within a population.
- For instance, consider two countries, A and B, each with five residents. In country A, individual incomes are Rs.23,000, Rs.22,000, Rs.23,500, Rs.28,000, and Rs.25,000, while in country B, incomes are Rs.1,50,000, Rs.22,000, Rs.50,000, Rs.4,000, and Rs.2,500. The average income in country A is Rs.24,300, while in country B, it’s Rs.45,700. Despite country B’s higher average, there’s a notable disparity in income distribution compared to the more evenly distributed incomes in country A.
Question 7: Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Answer:
Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. This is true because the literacy rate, infant mortality rate, healthcare facilities, etc., are better in Kerala in comparison to Haryana. The per capita income is only calculated by calculating the average income of the state, irrespective of any other factor.
Question 8: Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer:
India presently relies on traditional sources like firewood, coal, petroleum, and natural gas for energy. However, in the next fifty years, there’s a potential shift towards renewable sources like solar and wind energy. This transition is crucial to preserve natural resources for future generations.
Question 9: Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Answer:
Sustainable development entails utilizing natural resources in a way that meets the needs of both current and future generations. It’s crucial for development because if resources are depleted, it hampers a country’s progress, impacting its ability to thrive in the long term.
Question 10: “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer:
Development hinges not only on a country’s economic factors but also on its available resources. The saying, “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person,” underscores the importance of responsible resource use. Natural resources, being non-renewable, must be used wisely to meet current needs without compromising the needs of future generations. Failure to do so could impede a country’s development trajectory.
Question 11: List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
Answer:
Environmental degradation is evident in various forms:
- Vehicle emissions contributing to air pollution.
- Industrial waste disposal contaminating water bodies.
- Deforestation for agricultural or urban expansion.
- Mining activities disrupting ecosystems.
- Soil erosion due to unsustainable land use practices.
These activities have led to detrimental effects like global warming, glacier melting, and deteriorating atmospheric conditions.
Question 12: For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.
Answer:
In Table 1.6, Sri Lanka leads in Gross National Income, Life Expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling for ages 25 and above, and HDI rank globally. Nepal has the lowest Gross National Income, while Pakistan has the lowest Life Expectancy at birth and HDI rank among the listed countries. Myanmar and Nepal have the lowest mean years of schooling for ages 25 and above.
Question 13: The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose BMI is below normal (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2015-16. Look at the table and answer the following questions.
| State | Male | Female |
| KeralaKarnatakaMadhya Pradesh | 8.51728 | 102128 |
| All States | 20 | 23 |
- Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
Answer: The nutritional level of people in Kerala is higher than the nutritional level of people in Madhya Pradesh.
- Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.
Answer:
Despite adequate food availability in the country, one-fifth of the population remains undernourished due to:
- Disparities in food grain distribution via the Public Distribution System (PDS).
- Inability of the poor to afford nutritious food.
- Educational deficiencies leading to unemployment, hindering access to basic necessities like food.
- Inadequate distribution of ration at fixed-price stores.
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