Question 1: Multiple choice questions
(i) Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve
community participation?
(a) Joint forest management
(b) Beej Bachao Andolan
(c) Chipko Movement
(d) Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries
Answer:
(d) Demarcation of wildlife sanctuaries
Question 2: Match the following.
| Reserved Forests | Other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities |
| Protected Forests | Forests are regarded as most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources is concerned |
| Unclassed Forests | Forest lands are protected from any further depletion |
Answer:
| Reserved Forests | Forests are regarded as most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources is concerned |
| Protected Forests | Forest lands are protected from any further depletion |
| Unclassed Forests | Other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities |
Question 3: Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?
Answer:
- Biodiversity encompasses the diversity of life forms on Earth across ecosystems, species, and genetics. Tropical regions, spanning only 10% of the Earth’s surface, harbor 90% of the planet’s species.
- Biodiversity plays crucial roles in human lives: diverse plant species in agriculture fulfill food needs; it fuels businesses and industries; provides leisurely activities such as ecotourism; and supports essential ecological processes, including pollination, nutrient cycling, and climate regulation.
(ii) How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain
Answer:
River valley projects have impacted flora and fauna. Illegal mining has depleted biodiversity. Forests suffer from excessive development for leisure. Human activities in forests due to population growth cause human-animal conflicts.
Question 4: Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(i) Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India?
Answer:
- The Chipko Movement in the Himalayas successfully resisted deforestation and promoted community afforestation with native species.
- Various societies revere specific trees like mahua and Kadamba in Chota Nagpur, and tamarind and mango trees in Odisha and Bihar, part of cultural rituals.
- Villagers in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, have opposed mining using the Wildlife Protection Act. In many areas, villagers independently protect habitats, rejecting government involvement.
- Five villages in Alwar district, Rajasthan, declared 1,200 hectares of forest as Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, implementing rules to prohibit hunting and safeguard wildlife from encroachment.
(ii) Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.
Answer:
- India’s Joint Forest Management (JFM) program exemplifies community involvement in managing and restoring degraded forests since its formal inception in 1988 in Odisha.
- Local institutions, formed at the village level, engage in protection activities on degraded forest land, often managed by the forest department. In return, communities receive benefits like non-timber forest products and a share in harvested timber for successful protection.
- The lesson learned is the necessity of involving local communities in natural resource management. However, there’s still progress needed to prioritize community involvement in decision-making.
- Economic and developmental activities should be people-centric, eco-friendly, and economically rewarding.
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