Question 1: Multiple choice questions.
(i) Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’.
(a) A region with high annual rainfall.
Answer: Not suffering from water scarcity
(b) A region having high annual rainfall and large population.
Answer: Not suffering from water scarcity
(c) A region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted.
Answer: Suffering from water scarcity
(d) A region having low rainfall and low population.
Answer: Not suffering from water scarcity
(ii) Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favour of multipurpose river projects?
(a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity.
(b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow help to control floods.
(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.
(d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and our homes.
Answer:
(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood
(iii) Here are some false statements. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly.
(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilisation of water resources.
Answer: Multiplying urban centers with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have not necessarily helped in the proper utilization of water resources.
(b) Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.
Answer: Regulating and damming of rivers can significantly affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.
(c) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Indira Gandhi Canal.
Answer: Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Indira Gandhi Canal, indicating a proactive approach towards water conservation.
Question 2: Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource
Answer: Water is renewable due to the hydrological cycle, involving:
- Evaporation: Water transforms from surface bodies into vapor from solar heat.
- Condensation: Vapor cools in the atmosphere, forming clouds.
- Precipitation: Condensed droplets return to Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
(ii) What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?
Answer: Large urban populations drive up water demand, impacting both domestic use and food production. Expanding irrigated areas for dry-season agriculture exacerbates water scarcity, especially as farmers rely on wells and tube-wells, intensifying strain on water resources and compromising food security.
(iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects
Answer: Advantages:
- Irrigation
- Electricity generation
- Flood control
- Water supply for industrial and domestic use
- Tourist attraction
- Inland navigation
Disadvantages:
- Altered natural flow of water
- Impact on aquatic life
- Land submergence in surrounding areas
- Ecological consequences
- Large-scale displacement of local communities
Question 3: Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(i) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.
Answer:
- In semi-arid and arid regions like Rajasthan’s Bikaner, Phalodi, and Barmer, houses traditionally feature underground tanks known as tankas for storing drinking water.
- These tanks, sometimes as large as a room, were integrated into a well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system, often located within the main house or courtyard.
- Connected to sloping roofs via pipes, they collected rainwater, excluding the initial rainfall to clean roofs and pipes.
- Subsequent showers’ rainwater was then stored in these tankas until the next rainfall, serving as a dependable source of drinking water, especially during dry seasons. Rainwater, known as ‘palar pani’ locally, is esteemed for its purity.
(ii) Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting
methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.
Answer:
- Water harvesting is socio-economically and environmentally viable, rooted in ancient Indian traditions.
- Techniques varied regionally: ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ in hilly areas, rooftop rainwater harvesting in Rajasthan, inundation channels in Bengal, and ‘khadins’ and ‘Johads’ in arid regions.
- Modern examples include Gendathur in Karnataka and Shillong, where rooftop rainwater harvesting addresses water scarcity despite nearby rainfall.
- Tamil Nadu mandates rooftop rainwater harvesting for all houses, showing proactive water conservation efforts.
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