Learning Objective
- Importance of Manufacturing
- Agro-Based Industries
- Mineral-Based Industries
- Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
- Control of Environmental Degradation
Importance of Manufacturing
- Manufacturing modernizes agriculture by creating jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
- It reduces unemployment and poverty by providing employment opportunities.
- Exporting manufactured goods boosts trade, commerce, and foreign exchange reserves.
- Manufacturing sector growth stimulates overall economic prosperity.
Agro-Based Industries
Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc. industries are based on agricultural raw materials. Let’s know about each of them, one by one.
Textile Industry
The Indian textile industry stands out as self-reliant and complete in the entire value chain, from raw materials to high-value products.
It significantly contributes to industrial production, generates employment, and earns foreign exchange for the country.
Cotton Textiles
- This industry, closely linked with agriculture, sustains farmers, cotton boll pluckers, and workers involved in various stages like ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring, and sewing.
- It also supports ancillary industries like chemicals, dyes, packaging materials, and engineering works.
Jute Textiles
- India leads globally in raw jute and jute goods production.
- The majority of jute mills are situated in West Bengal, predominantly along the banks of the Hugli River.
Sugar Industry
- India ranks second globally in sugar production but holds the top spot in Gur and Khandsari production.
- The sugar industry in India is seasonal, with production peaking during the harvest seasons.
Mineral-Based Industries
Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral-based industries. Let’s discuss some industries that fall under this category.
Iron and Steel Industry
- Iron and steel industry is fundamental as other industries rely on it for machinery.
- It’s classified as a heavy industry due to the weight and bulkiness of raw materials and finished goods, leading to high transportation costs.
- India is a significant iron and steel producer globally, but its full potential is hindered by:
– High costs and limited availability of coking coal.
– Lower labor productivity.
– Irregular energy supply.
– Inadequate infrastructure.
Aluminium Smelting
- Aluminium smelting truly stands out for its versatility and usefulness across various industries. Its properties make it indispensable in many applications.
- Plus, its lightweight nature is especially advantageous in sectors like aerospace and transportation, where every ounce counts.
Chemical Industries
- The chemical industry is vast, covering everything from inorganic chemicals like sulphuric acid to organic compounds like petrochemicals.
- It’s a crucial player in manufacturing and consumer goods, fostering innovation and economic growth for businesses of all sizes.
Fertilizer Industry
- The fertilizer industry produces nitrogenous fertilizers (e.g., urea), phosphatic fertilizers like ammonium phosphate (DAP), and complex fertilizers combining nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K).
- Major contributors to production are Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Kerala, jointly accounting for half of the country’s output.
Cement Industry
- Cement is vital for construction, serving diverse projects from buildings to infrastructure like bridges and roads.
- Its production hinges on key raw materials like limestone, silica, and gypsum, crucial for ensuring quality and durability.
Automobile Industry
- The automotive industry encompasses the production of trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers, and multi-utility vehicles.
- Key manufacturing hubs include Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, and Bengaluru.
Information Technology and Electronics Industry
- The electronics industry encompasses various products like transistor sets, televisions, telephones, cellular telecom, radars, computers, and telecommunications equipment.
- It’s a significant source of employment in India, with Bengaluru renowned as the electronic capital of the country.
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
Industries contribute to four main types of pollution: air, water, land, and noise.
Air pollution stems from emissions of undesirable gases like Sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide, often from factories, refineries, and the burning of fossil fuels. It poses risks to human health, animals, plants, and the atmosphere.
Water pollution arises from industrial waste and effluents discharged into rivers, particularly from paper, pulp, chemical, textile, dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries, and electroplating industries.
Thermal pollution occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is released into water bodies before cooling.
Noise pollution affects human and animal life, causing irritation, anger, hearing impairment, and physiological effects like increased heart rate and blood pressure.
Control of Environmental Degradation
Reducing industrial pollution can be achieved through various measures:
- Minimize water usage by implementing reuse and recycling practices.
- Harvest rainwater to supplement water needs.
- Treat hot water and effluents before discharge into water bodies.
- Install smoke stacks equipped with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers, and inertial separators to reduce particulate matter emissions.
- Substitute coal with oil or gas to reduce smoke emissions in factories.
- Redesign machinery to improve energy efficiency and decrease noise levels.
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