Passage 1
Jhumming: The ‘slash and burn’ agriculture is known as ‘Milpa’ in Mexico and Central America, ‘Conoco’ in Venzuela, ‘Roca’ in Brazil, ‘Masole’ in Central Africa, ‘Ladang’ in Indonesia, ‘Ray’ in Vietnam. In India, this primitive form of cultivation is called ‘Bewar’ or ‘Dahiya’ in Madhya Pradesh, ‘Podu’ or ‘Penda’ in Andhra Pradesh, ‘Pama Dabi’ or ‘Koman’ or Bringa’ in Odisha, ‘Kumari’ in Western Ghats, ‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’ in South-eastern Rajasthan, ‘Khil’ in the Himalayan belt, ‘Kuruwa’ in Jharkhand, and ‘Jhumming’ in the North-eastern region.
Questions / Answer:
Question 1: What is the term for slash and burn agriculture in Mexico and Central America?
Answer: ‘Milpa’
Question 2: What is the term used for this form of cultivation in Brazil?
Answer: ‘Roca’
Question 3: In which Indian state is this method known as ‘Bewar’ or ‘Dahiya’?
Answer: Madhya Pradesh
Question 4: What is the term for slash and burn agriculture in the North-eastern region of India?
Answer: ‘Jhumming’
Question 5: What is the name for this primitive cultivation method in Indonesia?
Answer: ‘Ladang’
Passage 2
Bhoodan – Gramdan
Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave as his spiritual heir. He also participated in Satyagraha as one of the foremost satyagrahis. He was one of the votaries of Gandhi’s concept of gram swarajya. After Gandhiji’s martyrdom, Vinoba Bhave undertook padyatra to spread Gandhiji’s message covered almost the entire country. Once, when he was delivering a lecture at Pochampalli in Andhra Pradesh, some poor landless villagers demanded some land for their economic well-being. Vinoba Bhave could not promise it to them immediately but assured them to talk to the Government of India regarding provision of land for them if they undertook cooperative farming. Suddenly, Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stood up and offered 80 acres of land to be distributed among 80 land-less villagers. This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’. Later he travelled and introduced his ideas widely all over India. Some zamindars, owners of many villages offered to distribute some villages among the landless. It was known as Gramdan. However, many land-owners chose to provide some part of their land to the poor farmers due to the fear of land ceiling act. This Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave is also known as the Blood-less Revolution.
Questions / Answer:
Question 1: Who did Mahatma Gandhi declare as his spiritual heir?
Answer: Vinoba Bhave
Question 2: What movement did Vinoba Bhave initiate after Gandhi’s martyrdom?
Answer: Bhoodan-Gramdan movement
Question 3: Where did Vinoba Bhave undertake padyatra to spread Gandhi’s message?
Answer: Throughout the entire country
Question 4: What act is known as ‘Bhoodan’ in the context of the Bhoodan-Gramdan movement?
Answer: Offering land to landless villagers
Question 5: What is another name for the Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave?
Answer: The Blood-less Revolution
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