Write in brief
Question 1: Explain
a. Why the growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement?
Answer:
- People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.
- The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together.
- But each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently. Their experiences were varied, and their notions of freedom were not always the same. The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups together within one movement. But unity did not emerge without conflict.
b. How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India?
Answer:
War created a new political and economic situation.
- The war led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes. Custom duties were increased, and income tax was introduced.
- Forced recruitment in villages caused widespread anger.
- Crops failed; this resulted in an acute shortage of food.
- 12 to 13 million people died due to famines and epidemics.
c. Why were Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
Answer:
- Rowlatt Act was introduced in 1919.
- This act was hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council, although it was completely opposed by Indian members.
- It had given the government enormous powers to repress political activities.
- It allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
d. Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer:
In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.
Question 2: What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha?
Answer:
- Satyagraha, championed by Mahatma Gandhi, underscored the power of truth and the quest for it. It asserted that if a cause was just and against injustice, physical force wasn’t necessary to combat oppression.
- A satyagrahi, devoid of aggression, could prevail through nonviolence by appealing to the oppressor’s conscience. Gandhi believed in persuading people, including oppressors, to recognize truth rather than imposing it through violence.
- He envisioned this nonviolent path as a unifying force for all Indians, trusting that truth would ultimately triumph.
Question 3: Write a newspaper report on:
- The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
Answer:
- On April 13, the notorious Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred. A large crowd had gathered in the enclosed ground, some to protest against new government measures and others for the annual Baisakhi fair.
- Many villagers, unaware of martial law, were present. General Dyer blocked exit points and ordered his troops to open fire, killing hundreds. His stated aim was to instill fear among satyagrahis. The incident left people in a state of terror and shock.
b) The Simon Commission
Answer:
- Upon the arrival of the Simon Commission in India in 1928, widespread protests erupted, marked by the slogan ‘Go back, Simon’. Demonstrations involved all parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League.
- In October 1929, Viceroy Lord Irwin attempted to appease them by offering vague promises of ‘dominion status’ for India in the future and a Round Table Conference to discuss a constitution. However, these concessions failed to satisfy Congress leaders.
Question 4: Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.
Answer:
Germania:
- Symbol of Germany
- The image was painted by Philip Veit in 1848.
- Carrying a sword in one hand and flag in another hand
- Germania is wearing a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.
Bharat Mata:
- Symbol of India
- Painted by Abanindranath Tagore in 1905
- Bharat is standing with a Trishul, standing beside a lion and elephant, symbols of power and authority.
- Discuss
Question 1: List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.
Answer:
In the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), several social groups participated:
Middle-class people in towns:
- Thousands of students, teachers, and lawyers left their positions.
- Council elections were boycotted, except in Madras.
- Swadeshi movement gained momentum, promoting Indian goods and boycotting foreign ones.
- This movement revitalized the Indian textile industry.
Peasants in rural areas:
- Led by leaders like Baba Ramchandra, peasants revolted against oppressive landlords demanding high rents and forced labor.
- Their demands included reduction of revenue, abolition of forced labor, land redistribution, and social boycotts of landlords.
- Protests took various forms such as Nai-dhobi bandhs organized by Panchayats and attacks on the houses of landlords.
Tribal people:
- Dependent on forests for livelihood, they were angered by government restrictions on forest access and forced labor contributions.
- These measures led to widespread revolt against the government’s forest policies.
Plantation workers:
- In Assam, they sought freedom to move in and out of plantations, defying laws that restricted their movement.
- Many left plantations upon hearing of the Non-Cooperation Movement, hoping for land redistribution under Gandhi’s leadership.
Question 2: Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.
Answer:
- The Salt March stood as a potent symbol of resistance against colonialism for several reasons. Firstly, it marked the first instance of Indian leaders openly defying colonial laws, inspiring others to follow suit. Thousands across the country participated, manufacturing salt and protesting at government salt factories.
- This movement expanded to include boycotts of foreign cloth, picketing of liquor shops, and refusal to pay taxes by peasants. As the government responded with arrests and violence, clashes erupted in various places, resulting in casualties. Gandhi’s arrest prompted industrial workers in Sholapur to attack symbols of British rule.
- Ultimately, the Salt March led to the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact on March 5, 1931, wherein Gandhi agreed to participate in a Round Table Conference in London, and the government committed to releasing political prisoners.
Question 3: Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.
Answer:
- Women participated in large numbers in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
- During the movement, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to Gandhiji.
- They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picked foreign cloth and liquor shops.
- Many were put to jail by the police.
- Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.
Question 4: Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
Answer:
- The British introduced separate electorates to divide and weaken the national movement, prolonging their stay in India. Congress leaders opposed this policy, advocating for joint electorates to maintain unity.
- Muslim leaders like Muhammed Iqbal and Jinnah sought separate electorates to protect Muslim political interests, fearing Hindu dominance in joint electorates.
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, representing the Depressed Classes, initially supported separate electorates to avoid upper caste Hindu dominance but later agreed to joint electorates under the Poona Pact, with reserved seats for Depressed Classes.
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