Write in brief
Question 1: Give reasons for the following:
a) Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.
Answer:
i) Woodblock print was invented around the sixth century in China.
ii) It came to Europe, along with Marco Polo, in 1295. Marco Polo returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China, and he brought the knowledge of woodblock print with him on his return.
b) Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it.
Answer:
i) Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it because print media helped popularize and spread his ideas.
ii) In 1517, he wrote the Ninety-Five Theses, criticizing the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. These writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely.
iii) His translation of the New Testament was also accepted and read by thousands.
iv) This was only possible due to the improvements in print technology which had allowed even the working classes to gain access to books.
c) The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an Index of Prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth century.
Answer:
i) The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an index of Prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth century because its authority was being put in danger by the several individual and distinctive readings and questionings of faith prompted by the easily accessible popular religious literature.
ii) To supplement its inquisition and repression of heretical ideas, the Roman Catholic Church exercised strict control over publishers and booksellers, and also began to keep an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.
d) Gandhi said the fight for Swarajis a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom of association.
Answer:
i) Gandhi said the fight for Swarajis a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom of association because he considered these to be powerful modes of expression and cultivation of public opinion.
ii) The denial of these freedoms was not compatible with the idea of self-rule and independence.
iii) Hence, the fight for these freedoms, according to him, was intrinsically a fight for swaraj or self-rule.
Question 2. Write short notes to show what you know about:
- The Gutenberg Press
Answer:
i) It was established by Johann Gutenberg. By 1448, he had perfected the system of printing with olive and wine presses, using contemporary technological innovations.
ii) The first book that he printed was the Bible, making 180 copies in 3 years.
iii) Although these books were printed, a unique touch remained in the handmade decorations of the front page, illuminated borders and purchaser-specified designs.
iv) The Gutenberg Press was the first-known printing press in the 1430s.
b) Erasmus’s idea of the printed book
Answer:
i) Erasmus was critical of the print medium. He believed that though some books do provide worthwhile knowledge, others are simply a bane for scholarship.
ii) He accused printers of publishing books that were not mere trifling but “stupid, slanderous, scandalous, raving, irreligious and seditious”.
iii) He also felt that large numbers of such books reduce the value of the quality writings.
c) The Vernacular Press Act
Answer:
i) Modelled on the Irish Press Laws, it was passed in 1878.
ii) This law gave the government tyrannical rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
iii) If a seditious report was published and the newspaper did not heed to an initial warning, then the press was seized and the printing machinery confiscated.
iv) This was a complete violation of the freedom of expression.
Question 3. What did the spread of print culture in nineteenth century India mean to:
a) Women
Answer:
i) The spread of print culture in nineteenth-century India brought about educational reforms for women.
ii) Liberal husbands and fathers educated their womenfolk at home or sent them to schools for women. Women who had been restricted to a domestic life for generations, now found a new medium of entertainment.
iii) They also began to write articles for journals, in favour of women’s education and literacy. Some even wrote books; Rashsundari Devi’s autobiography “Amar Jiban” was the first full-length autobiography, published in 1876.
iv) Conservatives believed that education and reading would make women widows, or corrupt them.
v) Many women learnt to read and write in secret in such traditionalist environments.
- The poor
Answer:
i) They benefitted from the spread of print culture in India on account of the availability of low-price books and public libraries.
ii) Enlightening essays were written against caste discrimination and its inherent injustices. These were read by people across the country.
iii) On the encouragement and support of social reformers, over-worked factory workers set up libraries for self-education, and some of them even published their own works, for example, Kashibaba and his “Chhote Aur Bade Sawal”.
- Reformers
Answer:
i) Print culture’s popularity was an advantage for social and religious reformers as they could now spread their opinions, through newspapers and books, across the masses.
ii) These ideas could then be debated upon by different groups of people.
iii) Reformist ideas were put forward in the local, everyday languages of the common people so as to create a wider platform for the same.
- Discuss
Question 1. Why did some people in eighteenth century Europe think that print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism?
Answer:
i) Some people in eighteenth-century Europe thought that print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism. Its easy and cheap availability meant that literacy would no longer be restricted to the upper classes.
ii) While the clergy and monarchs feared the enlightenment that a vast reading public would gain, reformers like Martin Luther welcomed the change. They felt that it would mark an end to the blind adherence to the rulers’ ideology. This can be seen in the French Revolution as well.
iii) The print medium allowed the ideals of freedom, equality and brotherhood set forth by Rousseau and Voltaire in their writings to reach the public.
iv) It created a new culture of dialogue and debate that initiated the working class into questioning and re-evaluating social customs and norms.
v) The power of reason that the public gained initiated social reform, and brought an end to despotism.
Question 2. Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose one example from Europe and one from India.
Answer:
- Those in positions of power, whether in religion, caste, class, or politics, feared the impact of easily available printed books.
- They were concerned that widespread dissemination of ideas challenging their authority would undermine their power.
- The Roman Catholic Church in Europe expressed apprehension about printed materials questioning faith, leading to the establishment of the Index of Prohibited Books in 1558.
- In India, colonial authorities, religious leaders, and upper castes also feared the print medium, understanding that it could challenge their authority and beliefs, potentially inciting rebellion.
Question 3. What were the effects of the spread of print culture for poor people in nineteenth century India?
Answer:
- The poor people benefited from the spread of print culture in India on account of the availability of low-price books and public libraries.
- Enlightening essays were written against caste discrimination and its inherent injustices. These were read by people across the country.
- On the encouragement and support of social reformers, over-worked factory workers set up libraries for self-education, and some of them even published their own works, for example, Kashibaba and his “Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal”.
Question 4. Explain how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India.
Answer:
i) Print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India by providing easy access to nationalist ideals and ideas of freedom and equality to the masses.
ii) social reformers could now print their opinions in newspapers, which sparked off public debates.
iii) The power of reason made the common people question the authority of colonial power. Interestingly, when the British tried to censor and control print media, nationalist newspapers grew in number everywhere in the country.
iv) They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged people to participate in nationalist activities. Attempts to censor anti-colonial publications aroused militant protests as well.
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