Passage 1
Kitagawa Utamaro, born in Edo in 1753, was widely known for his contributions to an art form called ukiyo (‘pictures of the floating world’) or depiction of ordinary human experiences, especially urban ones. These prints travelled to contemporary US and Europe and influenced artists like Manet, Monet and Van Gogh. Publishers like Tsutaya Juzaburo identified subjects and commissioned artists who drew the theme in outline. Then a skilled woodblock carver pasted the drawing on a woodblock and carved a printing block to reproduce the painter’s lines. In the process, the original drawing would be destroyed and only prints would survive.
Questions / Answer:
Question 1: What art form was Kitagawa Utamaro widely known for, and what was its focus?
Answer: Kitagawa Utamaro was known for his contributions to an art form called ukiyo, which depicted ordinary human experiences, especially urban ones, in the floating world of Edo-period Japan.
Question 2: Which Western artists were influenced by Utamaro’s prints, and how did they respond to his work?
Answer: Artists like Manet, Monet, and Van Gogh were influenced by Utamaro’s prints. They admired his portrayal of everyday life and incorporated elements of his style into their own work.
Question 3: How did the production process of ukiyo-e prints unfold, and who were the key players involved?
Answer: Publishers like Tsutaya Juzaburo identified subjects and commissioned artists to draw the theme in outline. Skilled woodblock carvers then pasted the drawing onto a woodblock and carved a printing block to reproduce the painter’s lines.
Question 4: What was the fate of the original drawings in the process of creating ukiyo-e prints?
Answer: In the process of creating ukiyo-e prints, the original drawing would be destroyed as it was pasted onto a woodblock for carving. Only the prints produced from the carved blocks would survive.
Question 5: What role did publishers like Tsutaya Juzaburo play in the production of ukiyo-e prints?
Answer: Publishers like Tsutaya Juzaburo played a crucial role in the production of ukiyo-e prints by identifying subjects, commissioning artists, and overseeing the printing process to ensure the creation of high-quality prints for distribution.
Passage 2
In 1791, a London publisher, James Lackington, wrote in his diary:
‘The sale of books in general has increased prodigiously within the last twenty years. The poorer sort of farmers and even the poor country people in general who before that period spent their winter evenings in relating stories of witches, ghosts, hobgoblins … now shorten the winter night by hearing their sons and daughters read them tales, romances, etc. If John goes to town with a load of hay, he is charged to be sure not to forget to bring home Peregrine Pickle’s Adventure … and when Dolly is sent to sell her eggs, she is commissioned to purchase The History of Joseph Andrews.’
Questions / Answer:
Question 1: How did James Lackington describe the change in reading habits among rural people in 1791?
Answer: Lackington observed that within the last twenty years, there had been a significant increase in the sale of books, with poorer farmers and country people now spending their winter evenings reading tales, romances, and other literary works instead of sharing stories of witches and ghosts.
Question 2: What was the impact of this change on how people spent their winter evenings?
Answer: Instead of spending their winter evenings listening to stories of witches and ghosts, people began to spend their time reading tales, romances, and other literary works, shortening the winter nights with the enjoyment of literature.
Question 3: How did Lackington describe the purchasing habits of rural individuals like John and Dolly?
Answer: Lackington noted that individuals like John, when going to town with a load of hay, were instructed to bring home books such as “Peregrine Pickle’s Adventure,” while Dolly, when selling her eggs, was asked to purchase “The History of Joseph Andrews.”
Question 4: What specific literary works were in demand among rural readers according to Lackington?
Answer: Lackington mentioned works such as “Peregrine Pickle’s Adventure” and “The History of Joseph Andrews” as being popular among rural readers, suggesting a growing interest in novels and adventure stories.
Question 5: How did Lackington’s observations reflect the changing cultural landscape of rural England in the late 18th century?
Answer: Lackington’s observations reflected a shift in cultural interests and leisure activities among rural people in late 18th-century England, as they increasingly turned to reading novels and literary works for entertainment and enjoyment, marking a departure from traditional oral storytelling traditions.
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