Learning Objective
- Painting Tradition
- Sculptural Traditions
Painting Tradition
- Mithila (Madhubani): Bihar
- Warli: Maharashtra
- Pithoro: North Gujarat and western Madhya Pradesh
- Pabuji ki Phad: Rajasthan
- Pichhwai: Nathdwara, Rajasthan
- Gond and Sawara: Madhya Pradesh
- Pata Chitra: Odisha and Bengal
These traditions highlight diverse regional styles and cultural narratives.
- Mithila painting
- Origin: Named after Mithila (ancient Videha) and Madhubani district.
- History: Traditionally painted by women on mud walls for ceremonies. Linked to Princess Sita’s marriage to Lord Rama.
- Locations:
- Outer Courtyards: Depict gods, animals, daily life.
- Inner Verandah: Features family deities.
- Kohbar Ghar (Inner Room): Includes elaborate lotus and deity representations.
- Themes: Stories from Bhagavata Purana, Ramayana, and depictions of gods like Shiva and Krishna.
- Style: Dense, colorful decorations using bamboo twigs and natural colors.
- Warli painting
- Location: Northern Maharashtra, Thane district.
- Main Art: Chowk by married women for special occasions, focusing on fertility and harvest.
- Key Elements:
- Palaghat: Fertility goddess in a square frame with chevrons.
- Panch Sirya Devata: Headless warrior with corn shoots.
- Themes: Daily life, mythology, and urban scenes.
- Technique: Rice flour on earth-colored walls using a chewed bamboo stick.
- Gond painting
- Location: Madhya Pradesh, especially Mandla.
- Tradition: Rich history with nature worship.
- Style: Colorful depictions of animals, humans, and flora.
- Votive Paintings: Geometric drawings on hut walls, often showing Krishna with cows and gopis, with offerings made by young people.
- Pithoro painting
- Location: Panchmahal (Gujarat) and Jhabua (Madhya Pradesh).
- Purpose: Created for special or thanksgiving occasions.
- Style: Large wall paintings featuring colorful deities as horse riders.
- Composition:
- Upper Section: Depicts gods, heavenly bodies, and mythical creatures.
- Lower Section: Shows Pithoro’s wedding procession, including minor deities, kings, a goddess of destiny, farmers, and domestic animals.
- Pata painting
- Regions: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Odisha, West Bengal.
- Types: Known as Pata, Pachedi, Phad, etc.
- Bengal Patas:
- Medium: Cloth (pata).
- Artists: Patua (performers) from Midnapore, Birbhum, Bankura, Bihar, and Jharkhand.
- Function: Used for storytelling performances; artists travel and perform in villages, receiving alms.
- Puri Patas:
- Medium: Originally palm leaf and cloth, now also paper.
- Themes: Daily and festival attires of deities (e.g., Jagannath), Rasa paintings, and temple myths.
- Technique: Painted on cotton cloth with organic colors, lacquered for durability.
- Palm Manuscripts:
- Medium: Khar-taad palm leaves.
- Technique: Incised with a steel stylus, filled with ink, and sometimes painted. Accompanied by text.
- Debate: Whether palm leaf tradition is folk or sophisticated art, due to its historical and stylistic connections.
- Phads of Rajasthan
- Location: Bhilwara, Rajasthan.
- Medium: Long, horizontal cloth scrolls.
- Purpose: Honor folk deities and cattle heroes (bhomias) like Gogaji, Jejaji, Dev Narayan.
- Use: Displayed by bhopas (bards) during storytelling performances.
- Artists: Painted by Joshis, traditional court miniature painters.
- Significance: Combines art and music, reflecting cultural importance.
Sculptural Traditions
- Dhokra casting
- Location: Bastar (Chhattisgarh), parts of Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal.
- Technique: Lost wax method.
- Craftsmen: Ghadwa—create utensils, jewelry, votive offerings, and decorative objects.
- Process:
- Mould: Black soil, rice husk, and water, covered with clay and cow dung.
- Resin: Heated, cooled, and made into threads.
- Decoration: Resin threads add details to the mould.
- Casting: Metal poured into heated moulds, cooled, and clay removed.
- Terracotta
- Medium: Local clay, usually made by potters.
- Purpose: Votive offerings, ritual objects, and festival items.
- Regions: Found across India—Manipur, Assam, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Gangetic plains, Central India.
- Forms: Images of deities (e.g., Ganesh, Durga), animals, birds, insects.
- Process: Moulded by hand or on a wheel, baked for durability, and often decorated or colored.
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