Question 1. What do you understand by ‘people as a resource’?
Answer:
People as a resource is a way of referring to the country’s working population in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities.
Question 2. How is human resource different from other resources like land and physical capital?
Answer:
Human resource makes use of other resources like land and physical capital to produce an output. The other resources cannot become useful on their own. This is the reason why human resource is considered to be superior to the other resources.
Question 3. What is the role of education in human capital formation?
Answer:
Education is the most important component of human resource development.
- Proper education and training enable the formation of this human capital. An educated population is an asset, a resource.
- Education enhances the quantity and quality of individual productivity, which in turn adds to the growth of the economy.
- It develops personality and sense of national consciousness among the people which are important for rapid economic growth.
Question 4. What is the role of health in human capital formation?
Answer:
Health plays an important role in human capital formation. A healthy person is more likely to realize his full potential and can become an asset for the economy. An unhealthy person is less likely to realize his potential and can become a liability for the economy.
Question 5. What part does health play in the individual’s working life?
Answer:
Good health is essential for unlocking an individual’s potential and resilience against illness. An unhealthy person becomes a burden in the workplace. Efficient work directly correlates with good health—healthy individuals perform tasks more effectively and with increased productivity.
Question 6. What are the various activities undertaken in the primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector?
Answer:
- The various activities have been classified into three main sectors i.e., primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, and mining.
- Quarrying and manufacturing is included in the secondary sector. Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance etc. are included in the tertiary sector.
Question 7. What is the difference between economic activities and non-economic activities?
Answer:
Activities that add value to the national income are called economic activities. These have two parts – market activities (production for pay or profit) and non-market activities (production for self-consumption).
Non-economic activities are the ones that do not add to the national income; for example, an individual performing domestic chores.
Question 8. Why are women employed in low paid work?
Answer:
Education and skills significantly impact an individual’s earning potential. Unfortunately, gender discrimination often denies women access to education and necessary skills. Consequently, many women have limited education and lower skill development, leading to unequal pay compared to men.
Question 9. How will you explain the term unemployment?
Answer:
- Unemployment is a situation in which people who are able and willing to work at the going wages cannot find jobs.
- An individual is termed as unemployed if he or she is part of the workforce of a country, and is capable and willing to work for payment, but is unable to do so.
Question 10. What is the difference between disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment?
Answer:
- Disguised Unemployment:
Disguised unemployment occurs when more people work in a job than necessary. For instance, if eight individuals engage in an agricultural activity that truly requires only five, the extra three are disguisedly unemployed. Removing these three won’t affect total production.
- Seasonal Unemployment:
Seasonal unemployment happens when people find work only during specific months. For example, agricultural laborers work during busy seasons like sowing, harvesting, weeding, and threshing due to the seasonal nature of Indian agriculture.
Question 11. Why is educated unemployed, a peculiar problem of India?
Answer:
Educated unemployment is a unique challenge in India. Many youths with matriculation, graduation, and post-graduation degrees struggle to find suitable jobs. Despite a large population graduating from schools and colleges each year, employment opportunities across sectors lag behind. This mismatch results in educated individuals being unable to secure work.
Question 12. In which field do you think India can build the maximum employment opportunity?
Answer:
India’s agricultural sector, when coupled with efficient and quality packaging, can create significant employment opportunities.
Question 13. Can you suggest some measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of the educated unemployed?
Answer:
To address educated unemployment, the education system can:
- Focus on career-oriented secondary education, equipping students with both knowledge and practical skills.
- Implement a personalized subject selection process based on individual abilities.
- Align new subjects with job opportunities to benefit students’ employment prospects.
Question 14. Can you imagine some village which initially had no job opportunities but later came up with many?
Answer:
Some of the measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of the educated unemployed are:
- Vocational education should be encouraged so that people do not have difficulty getting jobs because they will be better trained for work.
- More use of information technology should be made in giving education.
- Education should be job-oriented.
- More employment opportunities should be made available to the educated people in the tertiary sector.
Question 15. Which capital would you consider the best — land, labour, physical capital and human capital? Why?
Answer:
- Human capital makes use of the other resources like land, labour and physical capital to produce an output. The other resources cannot become useful on their own. Hence, human capital may well be considered the best among all the resources.
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