Question 1. How is food security ensured in India?
Answer:
Food security in a country hinge on three dimensions:
- Availability: Ensuring enough food for all.
- Accessibility: Removing barriers to food access.
- Affordability: Enabling everyone to buy acceptable-quality food.
Question 2. Which are the people more prone to food insecurity?
Answer:
A large section of people suffers from food and nutrition insecurity in India. However, the worst affected groups are as follows:
- Landless and land-poor households, traditional artisans, providers of traditional services, petty self-employed workers and destitute including beggars (in the rural areas).
- People employed in ill-paid occupations and casual labourers engaged in seasonal activities (in the urban areas).
- People belonging to the backward sections of society, namely SCs, STs and OBCs
- People belonging to economically-backward states with high incidence of poverty, tribal and remote areas and regions more prone to natural disasters.
- People affected by natural disasters who have to migrate to other areas in search of work.
- Large proportion of pregnant and nursing mothers, and children under the age of 5 years.
Question 3. Which states are more food insecure in India?
Answer:
In India, economically-backward states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra have the highest food insecurity rates.
Question 4. Do you believe that green revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains? How?
Answer:
The Green Revolution in the late 1960s introduced Indian farmers to high-yielding seed varieties (HYVs), along with chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This boosted food grain productivity, ensuring self-sufficiency and preventing famine despite adverse weather conditions.
Question 5. A section of people in India are still without food. Explain?
Answer:
Despite significant increases in food grain production, chronic hunger persists among India’s poor. Many are unable to afford food, and over one-fifth of the population continues to suffer from this plight.
Question 6. What happens to the supply of food when there is a disaster or a calamity?
Answer:
Disasters reduce food production, leading to shortages and price increases. High food prices hinder people’s ability to buy, especially during prolonged calamities. In extreme cases, widespread starvation can escalate into famine.
Question 7. Differentiate between seasonal hunger and chronic hunger?
Answer:
- Seasonal hunger: Tied to agricultural cycles, affecting both rural and urban areas due to work availability.
- Chronic hunger: Persistent due to insufficient food quantity or quality, primarily affecting low-income individuals.
Question 8. What has our government done to provide food security to the poor? Discuss any two schemes launched by the government?
Answer:
In order to help the poor, and provide food security to them, two special schemes were launched in 2000. They were, Anthodia Anna Yojana (AAY) and the Annapurna Scheme (APS) with special target groups of ‘poorest of the poor’ and ‘indigent senior citizens’, respectively. The functioning of these two schemes was linked with the existing network.
Question 9. Why buffer stock is created by the government?
Answer:
The government maintains a buffer stock of food grains to distribute them in food-deficit areas and among the economically disadvantaged at subsidized rates. This helps address shortages during adverse weather or calamities.
Question 10. Write notes on:
a). Minimum support price
Answer:
Minimum Support Price (MSP) is the pre-announced price at which the government purchases food grains, especially wheat and rice, from farmers to create a buffer stock. Announced annually before the sowing season, MSP incentivizes farmers to increase production. However, rising MSPs have increased the government’s procurement costs and led to a shift from coarse grains to these crops.
(b) Buffer stock
Answer:
Buffer Stock refers to the government’s stockpile of food grains, particularly wheat and rice, procured through the Food Corporation of India (FCI). The FCI directly purchases these cereals from surplus-producing states. These commodities are stored in large granaries as a measure to ensure food security in the country.
(c) Issue price
Answer:
The Issue Price refers to the subsidized price at which the government provides food grains from the buffer stock to help the economically disadvantaged. This ensures access to essential food items for those in need.
(d) Fair price shops
Answer:
Fair Price Shops distribute government-procured food grains to the economically disadvantaged. These shops offer essential items at a reasonable and fair price, ensuring accessibility for families with ration cards.
Question 11. What are the problems of the functioning of ration shops?
Answer:
Challenges in ration shop functioning:
- Ration Card Limitations: Ration cards require proper residential addresses, excluding many homeless individuals.
- Black Market Sales: Some shop owners sell ration in the open market at inflated prices.
- Bogus Entries: Shopkeepers occasionally make fraudulent entries in ration cards.
Question 12. Write a note on the role of cooperatives in providing food and related items.
Answer:
Cooperatives play a crucial role in India’s food security, particularly in the southern and western regions. These societies establish shops that sell essential goods to the poor at lower prices. For instance, in Tamil Nadu, approximately 94% of fair price shops are run by cooperatives. Delhi’s Mother Dairy and Amul are notable examples. These efforts contribute to a more equitable distribution of resources.
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