SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
Question 1: A landmass bounded by the sea on three sides is referred to as:
Answer: A peninsula.
Question 2: What are the mountain ranges in the eastern part of India forming its boundary with Myanmar collectively called?
Answer:
The mountain ranges in the eastern part of India are collectively called Purvachal.
Question 3: What is the western coastal strip south of Goa referred to as?
Answer:
The western coastal strip south of Goa is referred to as Konkan.
Question 4: Which peak in the Eastern Ghats is the highest?
Answer:
The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is Mahendra Giri.
Question 5: What was the ancient supercontinent located in the southern hemisphere that included present-day South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica?
Answer:
The ancient supercontinent was called Gondwanaland.
Question 6: What is the younger alluvium of the flood plains known as?
Answer:
The younger alluvium of the flood plains is known as Khadar.
Question 7: What are the depositional features formed by rivers in the plain?
Answer:
Depositional features include flood plains, levees, channel bars, and bluffs.
Question 8: What is the zone next to the Bhabar zone, which is wet and marshy with thick forest cover and wildlife?
Answer:
The zone next to the Bhabar zone is called the Terai Zone.
Question 9: What is the older alluvium soil of the northern plains called?
Answer:
The older alluvium soil of the northern plains is called Bhangar.
Question 10: Which part of the Himalayas lies between the Indus and Sutlej rivers?
Answer:
The part of the Himalayas lying between the Indus and Sutlej rivers is known as Punjab Himalayas.
Question 11: What is the most continuous range of Himalayas consisting of lofty peaks?
Answer: The most continuous range of Himalayas is called Himadri or Greater Himalayas.
Question 12: Which mountain range bounds the Central Highlands on the northwest?
Answer:
The Aravalli Hills bound the Central Highlands on the northwest.
Question 13: How long are the east-west distances covered by the Himalayas?
Answer:
The east-west distances covered by the Himalayas are approximately 2,400 kilometers.
Question 14: Which river marks the easternmost boundary of the Himalayas?
Answer:
The Brahmaputra River marks the easternmost boundary of the Himalayas.
Question 15: What is the landmass bounded by the sea on three sides called?
Answer: It is referred to as a peninsula.
LONG QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
Question 1: Discuss the formation and significance of the Himalayan Mountain range in shaping India’s physical landscape.
Answer:
The Himalayas, formed due to the collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, are the youngest and tallest mountain range in the world. They stretch across the northern border of India, providing a natural barrier against cold winds from Central Asia. Besides serving as a watershed for major rivers like the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, the Himalayas influence India’s climate, biodiversity, and cultural heritage.
Question 2: Explain the geological processes responsible for the formation of the Northern Plains and their significance for agriculture.
Answer:
The Northern Plains were formed by the deposition of alluvial soil brought down by rivers like the Ganges, the Yamuna, and the Brahmaputra. These plains are fertile due to the accumulation of nutrient-rich sediments over millennia, making them ideal for agriculture. The regular flooding during the monsoon season replenishes soil fertility, supporting the cultivation of crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, and cotton, which are vital for India’s economy.
Question 3: Analyze the impact of the Peninsular Plateau on India’s physical and economic landscape.
Answer:
The Peninsular Plateau, comprising ancient crystalline rocks, is a prominent physiographic feature of India. It acts as the storehouse of mineral resources like iron ore, manganese, and bauxite, driving industrial development in the region. The plateau’s rugged terrain and rich biodiversity contribute to its significance for ecotourism and wildlife conservation. Moreover, its extensive river systems, including the Narmada and the Tapi, provide water for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation.
Question 4: Discuss the significance of the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats in India’s ecological diversity and water resources.
Answer:
The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats are two major mountain ranges running parallel to India’s west and east coasts, respectively. They serve as the watersheds for several rivers, including the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Kaveri, which are lifelines for agriculture and human settlements in peninsular India. Moreover, these ghats are biodiversity hotspots, hosting diverse flora and fauna, endemic species, and protected areas crucial for conservation efforts.
Question 5: Examine the role of India’s coastal plains in maritime trade, industrial development, and environmental conservation.
Answer:
India’s coastal plains, extending along the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, play a vital role in maritime trade, port infrastructure, and industrial development. Major ports like Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata facilitate international trade and commerce, contributing significantly to the country’s economy. Additionally, these coastal regions support diverse ecosystems, mangrove forests, and marine biodiversity, necessitating conservation efforts to mitigate environmental degradation and protect coastal communities.
Question 6: Assess the significance of India’s island territories, including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands, in strategic, ecological, and cultural contexts.
Answer:
India’s island territories hold strategic importance due to their location in the Indian Ocean region, offering naval bases and surveillance outposts. Moreover, these islands are biodiversity hotspots, featuring unique ecosystems, coral reefs, and marine life essential for conservation efforts and ecotourism. Culturally, these islands are home to indigenous communities preserving traditional lifestyles, languages, and crafts, contributing to India’s rich cultural heritage.
Question 7: Elaborate on the impact of climate and topography on the distribution of forests in India.
Answer:
India’s diverse climate and topography influence the distribution of forests across the country. Tropical rainforests thrive in regions with high rainfall, such as the Western Ghats, northeastern states, and parts of the Himalayas. Deciduous forests dominate areas with seasonal rainfall, while thorn and scrub forests are found in arid and semi-arid regions like Rajasthan and Gujarat. These forests provide vital ecosystem services, including biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, and watershed protection.
Question 8: Discuss the significance of India’s river systems, including the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, and the Indus, in supporting agriculture, industry, and livelihoods.
Answer:
India’s river systems are lifelines for millions of people, supporting agriculture, industry, and livelihoods across the country. The Ganges, revered as a sacred river, sustains the fertile plains of northern India, while the Brahmaputra facilitates agriculture and transportation in the northeastern region. The Indus and its tributaries support irrigation, hydropower generation, and the economy of northwestern India. These rivers also face challenges like pollution, deforestation, and water scarcity, necessitating sustainable management practices.
Question 9: Analyze the geological significance of India’s major plate boundaries, including the Himalayan collision zone and the Deccan Plateau’s volcanic activity.
Answer:
India’s major plate boundaries, such as the collision zone of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate, have shaped its geological landscape over millions of years. The Himalayan orogeny resulted from the ongoing tectonic collision, leading to mountain-building processes and seismic activity. Similarly, the Deccan Plateau bears evidence of past volcanic eruptions, contributing to its basaltic rock formations and fertile soil. Understanding these geological processes is crucial for hazard assessment, resource exploration, and sustainable development.
Question 10: Examine the challenges and opportunities posed by India’s diverse physical features for sustainable development and environmental conservation.
Answer:
India’s diverse physical features offer both challenges and opportunities for sustainable development and environmental conservation. While rich natural resources drive economic growth, they also face threats like deforestation, habitat loss, and climate change. Balancing developmental needs with conservation efforts requires integrated planning, stakeholder engagement, and adoption of eco-friendly practices. Harnessing renewable energy sources, promoting biodiversity conservation, and implementing watershed management strategies are essential for ensuring a sustainable future for India.
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