SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
Question 1: What are the factors affecting the climate of India?
Answer:
The factors affecting the climate of India are latitude, altitude, pressure and winds.
Question 2: Why does India have a monsoon type of climate?
Answer:
India has a monsoon type of climate due to the seasonal reversal in wind direction during the year.
Question 3: Which place receives the highest rainfall in the world?
Answer:
Mawsynram receives the highest rainfall in the world.
Question 4: What wind blows in the northern plains of India during summer?
Answer:
The wind blowing in the northern plains during summer is known as “Loo”.
Question 5: What causes rainfall during winters in the northwestern part of India?
Answer:
Rainfall during winters in the northwestern part of India is caused by “western disturbances”.
Question 6: When does the monsoon arrive in India?
Answer:
The monsoon arrives in India approximately in early June.
Question 7: What characterizes the cold-weather season in India?
Answer:
The cold-weather season in India is characterized by warm days and cold nights.
Question 8: What are the controls affecting the climate of India?
Answer:
The controls affecting India’s climate include latitude, altitude, pressure and winds.
Question 9: Which river has the longest course in Peninsular India?
Answer:
The Godavari River has the longest course in Peninsular India.
Question 10: What is the sum total of weather conditions over a large area for a long period of time called?
Answer:
It is referred to as climate.
Question 11: What is the lowest temperature recorded in Drass, Jammu and Kashmir?
Answer:
On a winter night, the temperature at Drass may be as low as -45°C.
Question 12: Which wind system blows in the northern plains during summer?
Answer:
The wind system blowing in the northern plains during summer is known as “Loo”.
Question 13: What are the six major controls affecting the climate of any place?
Answer:
The six major controls affecting climate are latitude, altitude, pressure and wind systems, distance from the sea (continentality), ocean currents, and relief features.
Question 14: What type of climate does India have?
Answer:
India’s climate is described as the “monsoon” type.
Question 15: What causes rainfall during winters in the northwestern part of India?
Answer:
Rainfall during winters in the northwestern part of India is caused by “western disturbances”.
LONG QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
Question 1: Discuss the factors influencing India’s climate and explain how they contribute to the country’s climatic diversity.
Answer:
- India’s climate is influenced by various factors such as latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and the presence of mountain ranges. The country’s vast size and geographical features result in a diverse range of climates, from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the north.
- The Himalayas act as a barrier to cold winds from Central Asia, while the Indian Ocean moderates’ temperatures along the coastline. Monsoon winds bring seasonal rainfall, which is crucial for agriculture and sustains India’s economy. Therefore, the interaction of these factors leads to the climatic diversity observed across different regions of India.
Question 2: Explain the concept of the monsoon and its significance for India’s agriculture, economy, and livelihoods.
Answer:
- The monsoon is a seasonal wind pattern characterized by the alternation of wet and dry seasons. In India, the Southwest Monsoon brings heavy rainfall from June to September, while the Northeast Monsoon brings rainfall to southern India from October to December.
- The monsoon is vital for India’s agriculture, as it replenishes soil moisture and supports crop growth. It also fills reservoirs, rivers, and lakes, providing water for irrigation, drinking, and hydropower generation. The monsoon’s timing and intensity influence crop yields, food production, and rural livelihoods, making it a crucial determinant of India’s economy.
Question 3: Discuss the regional variations in India’s climate and their impact on agriculture, water resources, and human settlements.
Answer:
- India exhibits significant regional variations in climate due to its diverse geographical features. The Himalayas influence the climate of northern India, resulting in temperate and alpine conditions. The Indo-Gangetic plains experience a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters.
- Coastal regions have a maritime climate with moderate temperatures and high humidity. These regional variations impact agriculture, with different crops grown in different regions based on climate suitability. Moreover, water availability, irrigation practices, and human settlements vary across regions, reflecting the influence of climate on socio-economic activities.
Question 4: Evaluate the role of climate in shaping India’s flora and fauna and discuss the importance of biodiversity conservation.
Answer:
- India’s diverse climate supports a wide range of flora and fauna, contributing to its rich biodiversity. Tropical forests thrive in regions with high rainfall, supporting a variety of plant and animal species.
- Alpine vegetation is found in the Himalayas, while desert ecosystems are prevalent in arid regions like Rajasthan. Climate change poses significant threats to biodiversity, including habitat loss, species extinction, and altered ecosystems.
- Therefore, biodiversity conservation efforts are crucial for maintaining ecosystem services, ecological balance, and human well-being in India.
Question 5: Analyze the impact of climate change on India’s environment, agriculture, water resources, and coastal regions.
Answer:
- Climate change has far-reaching impacts on India’s environment, agriculture, and water resources. Rising temperatures affect crop yields, water availability, and heat-related health risks. Changes in precipitation patterns lead to droughts, floods, and water scarcity, impacting agriculture, livelihoods, and ecosystems.
- Coastal regions are vulnerable to sea-level rise, storm surges, and saltwater intrusion, threatening infrastructure, human settlements, and biodiversity. Adaptation measures such as water conservation, climate-resilient agriculture, and coastal zone management are essential for mitigating the impacts of climate change in India.
Question 6: Discuss the concept of the greenhouse effect and its role in regulating Earth’s climate.
Answer:
- The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon whereby certain gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap heat, thereby regulating the planet’s temperature.
- These greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor, allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere but prevent some of the infrared radiation from escaping back into space.
- This process keeps Earth’s surface warmer than it would be otherwise, making the planet habitable. However, human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, have enhanced the greenhouse effect, leading to global warming and climate change.
Question 7: Explain the importance of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena in influencing India’s climate variability.
Answer:
- The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are climate phenomena that influence India’s climate variability. The IOD refers to the periodic fluctuation in sea surface temperatures between the eastern and western Indian Ocean.
- Positive IOD events bring above-average rainfall to India, while negative IOD events lead to drier conditions. Similarly, ENSO refers to the periodic warming and cooling of sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean.
- El Niño events bring drought conditions to India, while La Niña events enhance rainfall. Understanding these phenomena is essential for forecasting monsoon variability and implementing adaptive measures.
Question 8: Discuss the concept of urban heat islands and their implications for climate, human health, and urban planning.
Answer:
- Urban heat islands are areas within cities that experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to human activities and urbanization. Factors such as dark surfaces, lack of green spaces, and heat-generating activities contribute to the heat island effect.
- High temperatures in urban areas can exacerbate heat-related health risks, increase energy consumption for cooling, and impact air quality. Urban planning strategies such as green infrastructure, heat-resistant materials, and urban greening initiatives can help mitigate the urban heat island effect and promote climate-resilient cities.
Question 9: Evaluate the role of climate in influencing migration patterns, human settlements, and socio-economic activities in India.
Answer:
- Climate plays a significant role in influencing migration patterns, human settlements, and socio-economic activities in India. People tend to migrate from regions prone to natural hazards like floods, droughts, and cyclones to more climatically favorable areas.
- Coastal regions and urban areas experience rapid population growth due to economic opportunities and better infrastructure. Climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, tourism, and water resources management are particularly vulnerable to climate variability and change.
- Therefore, integrating climate considerations into development planning is essential for building resilience and ensuring sustainable human settlements in India.
Question 10: Examine the measures undertaken by India to address climate change challenges and fulfill its international commitments.
Answer:
- India has taken various measures to address climate change challenges and fulfill its international commitments. The country has set ambitious targets for renewable energy deployment, including solar and wind power, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Initiatives such as the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and the International Solar Alliance (ISA) aim to promote sustainable development, energy efficiency, and climate resilience.
- India is also actively participating in international climate negotiations and agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, to mitigate climate change and adapt to its impacts. Additionally, promoting public awareness, research, and capacity building are essential components of India’s climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies.
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