Question 1. Choose the correct answer from the four alternatives given below:
(i) Which one of the following places receives the highest rainfall in the world?
(a) Silchar
(b) Mawsynram
(c) Cherrapunji
(d) Guwahati
Answer:
(b) Mawsynram
(ii) The wind blowing in the northern plains in summers is known as:
(a) Kaal Baisakhi
(b) Loo
(c) Trade Winds
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Loo
(iii) Monsoon arrives in India approximately in:
(a) Early May
(b) Early July
(c) Early June
(d) Early August
Answer:
(c) Early June
(iv) Which one of the following characterizes the cold weather season in India?
(a) Warm days and warm nights
(b) Warm days and cold nights
(c) Cool days and cold nights
(d) Cold days and warm nights
Answer:
(c) Cool days and cold nights
Question 2. Answer the following questions briefly.
(i) What are the controls affecting the climate of India?
Answer
The elements affecting the climate are temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation.
(ii) Why does India have a monsoon type of climate?
Answer:
India comes in the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) also with various other factors, like the El Nino, Jet Stream and Coriolis Force are the reasons for monsoon type of climate in India.
(iii) Which part of India does experience the highest diurnal range of temperature and why?
Answer:
Northwestern part of India experiences the highest diurnal range of temperature. This happens because of the presence of the Thar Desert and also because this region does not have the moderating influence of the ocean.
(iv) Which winds account for rainfall along the Malabar coast?
Answer:
Malabar Coast gets rains from depressions and cyclones.
(vi) Define monsoons. What do you understand by “break” in monsoon?
Answer:
Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal in the wind direction. Monsoon ‘break’ refers to the happening of wet and dry spells during the rainy season. The monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time.
(vii) Why is the monsoon considered a unifying bond?
Answer:
“India’s diverse weather patterns converge during the monsoon season. The landscape, flora, and fauna respond to this annual event. India’s agricultural calendar revolves around the monsoon, and many festivals are tied to the agricultural cycle.”
Question 3. Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India.
Answer:
The Bay of Bengal branch of the monsoon winds moves towards northeast and return westwards covering the northern plains. While they move towards west, their moisture contains tends to reduce with subsequent rains. Hence the rainfall decreases from east to west in northern India.
Question 4. Give reasons as to why.
(i) Seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place over the Indian
subcontinent?
Answer:
Seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent takes place due to pressure differential. El Nino has major role to play in the seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent.
(ii) The bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months.
Answer:
The monsoon begins from the first week of June and advances quite rapidly to cover almost the whole country by mid-July. Hence, the bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over the months of a few months; mainly June to August.
(iii) The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall.
Answer:
The Tami Nadu coast receives winter rainfall because of movement of low-pressure conditions to the Bay of Bengal.
(iv) The delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones.
Answer
The Bay of Bengal is the centre of various pressure changes and hence there is always a chance of development of cyclone. Due to this, the delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones.
(v) Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone.
Answer:
The parts fall in the rain shadow area of the Aravalli. Hence, they are drought prone and don’t receive much of rainfall.
Question 5. Describe the regional variations in the climatic conditions of India with the help of suitable examples.
Answer:
- Summers: Rajasthan sizzles at 50°C, while Pahal gam in Kashmir enjoys a cooler 20°C.
- Winters: Dress in Kashmir faces -45°C, while Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala stays pleasant at 20°C.
- Andaman Islands: A mere 7°–8°C difference between day and night.
- Coastal vs. Interior: Coastal areas have milder temperature contrasts; interiors experience more seasonal variation.
- Rainfall: June–September brings rain to most of India, but the Coromandel Coast gets its share in winter.
Question 6. Give an account of weather conditions and characteristics of the cold season.
Answer:
- Sun’s Role: Differential heating creates low pressure over India’s landmass and high pressure over the ocean.
- ITCZ: The monsoon trough, shifting over the Ganga plains during summer.
- High Pressure Area: East of Madagascar, affecting the Indian Monsoon.
- Tibetan Plateau: Intense summer heating leads to high pressure at 9 km above sea level.
- Jet Streams: Westerly jet north of Himalayas, tropical easterly over Indian Peninsula.
- Southern Oscillation: Pressure changes between Pacific and Indian Oceans impact the monsoon.
- Pressure Difference: Tahiti (Pacific) vs. Darwin (Australia) predicts monsoon intensity.
Question 7. Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India.
Answer:
Monsoon Characteristics:
- Duration: 100–120 days from early June to mid-September.
- Monsoon “burst”: Sudden increase in rainfall upon arrival.
- Arrival: First week of June at the southern tip of the Indian Peninsula.
- Uneven distribution of rainfall across the country.
Monsoon Effects:
- Agriculture: Vital for water; late, low, or excessive rains impact crops.
- Droughts and Floods: Uneven rainfall leads to drought-prone and flood-affected areas.
- Unifying Influence: Despite regional variations, the monsoon shapes India’s diverse climate.
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