Question 1. Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France?
Answer:
The circumstances that cause outbreak of revolutionary protest in France were:
Louis XVI and Financial Challenges:
- Louis XVI, an autocratic ruler, faced financial difficulties.
- The royal treasury was empty due to prolonged wars and extravagant court expenses at Versailles.
- France’s involvement in the American Revolutionary War added to its debt burden.
Taxation and Social Divide:
- France had three estates: Clergy, Nobility, and Third Estate.
- Only the Third Estate (commoners) paid taxes, while the privileged Clergy and Nobility were exempt.
- The burden of financing state activities fell solely on the Third Estate.
Emergence of the Middle Class:
- The educated middle class rejected divine rights and absolute monarchy.
- They believed social status should be based on merit.
- Ideas of equality and freedom from philosophers like John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau gained popularity through discussions, debates, and publications.
Corruption and Taxation:
- The French administration was corrupt and neglected common citizens.
- Taxes were raised to cover expenses like maintaining an army and running government offices and universities.
Question 2. Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution?
Answer:
- Middle Class Gain: The French Revolution favored wealthier Third Estate members (middle class).
- Clergy and Nobility: They lost power during the revolution.
- Disappointment: Poorer sections and women felt let down, as full equality wasn’t achieved.
Question 3. Describe the legacy of the French Revolution for the peoples of the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Answer:
Legacy of French Revolution:
- Liberty and democratic rights were its key legacy.
- These ideas spread across Europe, leading to the abolition of feudal systems.
- Inspired Germans, Italians, and Austrians to overthrow oppressive regimes.
- Also influenced struggling nations in Asia and Africa under European colonialism.
- Notable individuals like Tipu Sultan and Rajaram Mohan Roy responded to these revolutionary ideas.
Question 4. Draw up a list of democratic rights we enjoy today whose origins could be traced to the French Revolution.
Answer:
We can trace the origin of the following democratic rights we enjoy today to the French revolution:
- Right to Equity
- Right to Freedom
- Freedom of Speech and expression
- Right to form associations
- Right to justice and security
Question 5. Would you agree with the view that the message of universal rights was beset with contradictions? Explain.
Answer:
- The concept of universal rights faced contradictions. While the “Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen” contained lofty ideals, some were unclear. For instance, it stated that the law could only forbid actions harmful to society, but it didn’t address crimes against individuals.
- Additionally, despite claiming equality, France’s constitutional monarchy excluded nearly 3 million citizens—men under 25 and women—from voting. This system favored the wealthy and marginalized women in decision-making processes.
Question 6. How would you explain the rise of Napoleon?
Answer:
Robespierre’s Rule:
- After France became a republic in 1792, Robespierre, the ruler, favored the wealthy.
- He acted like an autocrat, causing a period of fear and turmoil known as the “Reign of Terror.”
The Directory:
- To prevent one-person rule, a group called the Directory was formed.
- Unfortunately, the Directory members often quarreled, leading to chaos and instability.
Enter Napoleon:
- In this vacuum of power, Napoleon Bonaparte emerged.
- He seized control as a military dictator, shaping France’s destiny.
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