CBSE Class 9th History NCERT Question and Answer Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

Question-1: What were the social, economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905?

Answer:

The Social, economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905 was backward:

Social Conditions:

  • 85% of Russia’s population were farmers.
  • Industry existed but was mostly privately owned.
  • Workers migrated to cities for factory jobs.
  • Peasants were religious and believed in land redistribution.

Economic Condition:

  • Russia faced economic challenges.
  • Prices rose, while real wages fell by 20%.
  • The St. Petersburg strike triggered the 1905 Revolution, with strikes nationwide and demands for a constituent assembly.

Political Condition:

  • Before 1914, political parties were illegal.
  • The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party split into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.
  • The majority Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, played a pivotal role in shaping socialist thought after Marx.

Question 2. In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe, before 1917?

Answer:

  • Before 1917, Russia’s working population differed from other European countries. Not all Russian workers left villages for factories; some commuted daily.
  • They were socially and professionally divided, reflected in their clothing and behavior. Metal workers stood out as the “aristocrats” due to their specialized skills. Despite differences, they united in strikes against poor work conditions and employer oppression.

Question 3. Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?

Answer:

  • The Tsar first dismissed the initial two Dumas and then packed the parliament with the conservatives. During the First World War, the Tsar took decision without consulting the Duma.
  • Large scale casualties of Russian soldiers in the war further alienated the people from the Tsar. Burning of crops and buildings by the retreating Russian armies created huge shortage of food in Russia. All of these led to the collapse of the Tsarist autocracy in 1917.

Question-4 Make two lists: one with the main events and the effects of the February Revolution and the other with the main events and effects of the October Revolution. Write a paragraph on who was involved in each, who were the leaders and what was the impact of each on Soviet history.

Answer:

February Revolution:

  • 22nd February: Factory lockout on the right bank.
  • 25th February: Duma dissolved.
  • 27th February: Police Headquarters ransacked, regiments supported workers, and the Soviet was formed.
  • 2nd March: The Tsar abdicated power. Soviet and Duma leaders established a Provisional Government.
  • Led by the people, Petrograd played a crucial role in toppling the monarchy.
  • Trade Unions gained prominence.

October Revolution:

  • 16th October: Military Revolutionary Committee appointed by the Soviet.
  • 24th October: Uprising against the provisional government begins.
  • Bolsheviks, led by Lenin and Trotsky, gained power.
  • The masses supported these leaders, marking the start of Lenin’s rule over the Soviet.

Question 5. What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?

Answer:

The main changes which were brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution:

  • Banks and Industries were nationalized.
  • Land was declared social property, thereby allowing peasants to seize it from the nobility.
  • In urban areas, houses were partitioned according to family requirements
  • Old aristocratic titles were banned, and new uniforms were designed for the army and the officials.
  • New uniforms were introduced for the army and the officials.

Question 6. Write a few lines to show what you know about:

Answer:

Kulaks

It is the Russian term for wealthy peasants who Stalin believed were hoarding grains to gain more profit. By 1927-28 the towns of Soviet Russia were facing an acute problem of grain supplies. Kulaks were thought to be partly responsible for this. Also, to develop modern farms and run them along industrial lines the Party under the leadership of Stalin thought it was necessary to eliminate Kulaks.

The Duma

During 1905 Revolution, the Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative parliament in Russia. This elected consultative parliament in Russia was called Duma.

Women workers between 1900 and 1930

They made up 31% of the factory labour force by 1914, but were paid almost half and three-quarters of the wages given to men. However, interestingly, it was the women workers who led the way to strikes during the February Revolution.

The Liberals

They espoused a nation that was tolerant towards all religions; one that would protect individual rights against the government. Although the liberals wanted an elected parliamentary form of governance, they believed that the right to vote must only belong to men, and that too the ones who were property holders.

Stalin’s collectivization programme

  • Goal: Improve grain supplies.
  • Action: Forced peasants into collective farms (kolkhoz).
  • Result: Land and implements transferred to collective ownership.
  • Challenges: Peasant protests, livestock destruction.
  • Outcome: Food supply situation worsened.

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