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CBSE Class 9th History Notes Chapter 5 Pastoralists in the Modern World

Learning Objective

Pastoral Nomads and their Movements

In the Mountains

On the Plateaus, Plains and Deserts

“In India, pastoralists inhabited diverse regions such as plateaus, plains, and deserts. Let’s explore some key groups:

  1. Dhangars in Maharashtra: These shepherds, blanket weavers, and buffalo herders followed a seasonal cycle. During monsoons, they stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra. By October, they harvested bajra and moved westward to Konkan, where they were welcomed by Konkani peasants. After Kharif harvest, they prepared fields for rabi crops.

Colonial Rule and Pastoral Life

“Under colonial rule, pastoralists faced significant changes. Their movements were regulated, grazing lands shrank, and taxes increased. Key factors included:

  1. Land Revenue: The colonial government aimed to convert grazing lands into cultivated farms for revenue. Waste Land Rules were enacted, transferring uncultivated land to select individuals.
  2. Forest Acts: These Acts classified forests as ‘Reserved’ (with valuable timber) or ‘Protected,’ restricting pastoralists’ access.

How Did These Changes Affect the Lives of Pastoralists?

How Did the Pastoralists Cope with These Changes?

Pastoralism in Africa

In Africa, even today, over 22 million Africans depend on some form of pastoral activity for their livelihood. Like pastoralists in India, the lives of African pastoralists have changed dramatically over the colonial and post-colonial periods.

Where Have the Grazing Lands Gone?

The Borders are Closed

In the nineteenth century, African pastoralists roamed freely in search of pastures. However, colonial restrictions altered their lives significantly. White settlers viewed them as dangerous, and new territorial boundaries impacted both pastoral and trading activities.

When Pastures Dry

Traditionally, pastoralists roamed to survive droughts. However, during colonial times, the Maasai were confined to a fixed area, unable to seek pastures. As grazing lands shrank, droughts had a more severe impact.

Not All Were Equally Affected

Conclusion

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