Passage 1
Women in the February Revolution
‘Women workers, often … inspired their male co-workers … At the Lorenz telephone factory, … Marfa Vasileva almost single handedly called a successful strike. Already that morning, in celebration of Women’s Day, women workers had presented red bows to the men … Then Marfa Vasileva, a milling machine operator stopped work and declared an impromptu strike. The workers on the floor were ready to support her … The foreman informed the management and sent her a loaf of bread. She took the bread but refused to go back to work. The administrator asked her again why she refused to work and she replied, “I cannot be the only one who is satiated when others are hungry”. Women workers from another section of the factory gathered around Marfa in support and gradually all the other women ceased working. Soon the men downed their tools as well and the entire crowd rushed onto the street.’
Questions / Answer:
Question 1: Who was Marfa Vasileva, and what significant action did she take during the February Revolution?
Answer: Marfa Vasileva was a milling machine operator at the Lorenz telephone factory during the February Revolution. She initiated a successful strike by stopping work and refusing to continue until her colleagues were also given relief from hunger.
Question 2: What symbolic gesture did women workers make at the Lorenz telephone factory on Women’s Day during the February Revolution?
Answer: On Women’s Day at the Lorenz telephone factory, women workers presented red bows to their male colleagues as a symbol of celebration and solidarity.
Question 3: How did Marfa Vasileva’s impromptu strike at the Lorenz telephone factory influence other workers to join her cause during the February Revolution?
Answer: Marfa Vasileva’s refusal to work until her colleagues were provided for inspired other workers, both men and women, to support her cause. As she took a stand against hunger, others gradually ceased working in solidarity with her.
Question 4: What was the response of the factory management to Marfa Vasileva’s strike during the February Revolution?
Answer: The foreman informed the management of Marfa Vasileva’s strike and sent her a loaf of bread as an attempt to persuade her to return to work. However, Marfa refused to resume work, emphasizing her solidarity with hungry colleagues.
Question 5: How did Marfa Vasileva’s strike at the Lorenz telephone factory escalate during the February Revolution?
Answer: Marfa Vasileva’s strike gained momentum as women workers from another section of the factory joined her in support. Eventually, all women ceased working, followed by the men, resulting in a large crowd rushing onto the street in protest.
Passage 2
Socialist Cultivation in a Village in the Ukraine
‘A commune was set up using two [confiscated] farms as a base. The commune consisted of thirteen families with a total of seventy persons … The farm tools taken from the … farms were turned over to the commune …The members ate in a communal dining hall and income was divided in accordance with the principles of “cooperative communism”. The entire proceeds of the members’ labor, as well as all dwellings and facilities belonging to the commune were shared by the commune members.’
Fedor Belov, The History of a Soviet Collective Farm (1955).
Questions / Answer:
Question 1: How was the commune in the Ukrainian village established, and what was its basis?
Answer: The commune in the Ukrainian village was established using two confiscated farms as its base.
Question 2: What was the composition of the commune in terms of families and total population?
Answer: The commune consisted of thirteen families with a total population of seventy individuals.
Question 3: What happened to the farm tools confiscated from the original farms?
Answer: The farm tools confiscated from the farms were turned over to the commune for collective use.
Question 4: How did the members of the commune organize their meals and income distribution?
Answer: The members of the commune ate in a communal dining hall, and income was divided according to the principles of “cooperative communism.”
Question 5: What was the key principle underlying the communal arrangement within the village?
Answer: The key principle underlying the communal arrangement was the sharing of all proceeds from members’ labor, as well as all dwellings and facilities belonging to the commune, among its members.
Passage 3
Writing about the Russian Revolution in India
Among those the Russian Revolution inspired were many Indians. Several attended the Communist University. By the mid-1920s the Communist Party was formed in India. Its members kept in touch with the Soviet Communist Party. Important Indian political and cultural figures took an interest in the Soviet experiment and visited Russia, among them Jawaharlal Nehru and Rabindranath Tagore, who wrote about Soviet Socialism. In India, writings gave impressions of Soviet Russia. In Hindi, R.S. Avasthi wrote in 1920-21 Russian Revolution, Lenin, His Life and His Thoughts, and later The Red Revolution. S.D. Vidyalankar wrote The Rebirth of Russia and The Soviet State of Russia. There was much that was written in Bengali, Marathi, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu.
Questions / Answer:
Question 1: How did the Russian Revolution influence Indians, particularly in the realm of education?
Answer: The Russian Revolution inspired many Indians, some of whom attended the Communist University.
Question 2: What significant development occurred in India by the mid-1920s as a result of the inspiration from the Russian Revolution?
Answer: By the mid-1920s, the Communist Party was formed in India, indicating the spread of socialist ideology in the country.
Question 3: Which prominent Indian political and cultural figures were influenced by the Soviet experiment and visited Russia?
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru and Rabindranath Tagore were among the important Indian figures who took an interest in the Soviet experiment and visited Russia.
Question 4: What role did Indian writers play in disseminating information about the Soviet Union and its socialist experiment?
Answer: Indian writers contributed significantly by writing about Soviet Russia, providing impressions and insights into the socialist experiment. For instance, R.S. Avasthi wrote about the Russian Revolution and Lenin’s life and thoughts, while S.D. Vidyalankar authored works on the rebirth of Russia and the Soviet state.
Question 5: In which languages were writings about Soviet Russia produced in India?
Answer: Writings about Soviet Russia were produced in various Indian languages, including Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Malayalam, Tamil, and Telugu, reflecting the diverse linguistic and cultural landscape of the country.
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