NCERT Solution✔
Question 1:
Why do we say that it was not natural fertility and high levels of food production that were the causes of early urbanization?
- 🌱 Natural fertility indeed helped in stabilizing agricultural activities, leading to more settled forms of life. But, early urbanization also depended on the development of specialized activities like:
- 🐄 Animal husbandry, which thrived due to the fertile conditions. The production of surplus agricultural products enabled trade and the exchange of goods.
- 👩🌾 Emergence of new occupations: Fertile lands allowed some sections of society to focus on professions other than farming, leading to division of labor, crafts, and trade.
- 🚢 Flourishing trade and commerce: As surplus food and resources became available, there was an increase in the demand for trading opportunities, with both local and long-distance trade networks developing.
- 📝 Writing and administration: The invention of writing systems helped in record-keeping and managing the economic resources of these early cities. This administrative innovation allowed cities to grow and manage their affairs effectively, something natural fertility alone couldn’t achieve.
Question 2:
Which of the following were necessary conditions, causes, and outcomes of early urbanization?
(a) highly productive agriculture
(b) water transport
(c) the lack of metal and stone
(d) the division of labor
(e) the use of seals
(f) the military power of kings that made labor compulsory?
- 🌾 Necessary conditions for urbanization:
- Highly productive agriculture was crucial to sustain larger populations and enable specialized professions.
- Water transport helped in the movement of goods and people, connecting different areas through rivers and canals.
- Division of labor was essential for urbanization, as different sectors of society focused on specific tasks, leading to more organized city life.
- 🪨 Causes of early urbanization:
- Lack of metal and stones led to the need for trading these materials, which fostered long-distance trade and urban growth.
- The use of seals was key in recording transactions, which played a significant role in the growing economy of cities.
- Military power of kings made labor compulsory and helped in organizing large building projects and defense systems, which were essential to sustaining urban centers.
- 🚄 Outcome of urbanization:
- Efficient transport systems were developed to support the movement of goods and people between cities.
- Trade and services flourished, contributing to economic growth and prosperity in cities.
Question 3:
Why were mobile animal herders not necessarily a threat to town life?
Mobile animal herders were not a threat because they were integral to the economy of urban centers. Their mobility allowed them to:
- 🐑 Trade essential goods: They exchanged products such as ghee, metal tools, and grains with city dwellers. This was mutually beneficial, as the towns needed these resources.
- 🌾 Provide food and materials: They contributed to the supply of agricultural products and raw materials, which were necessary for both consumption and trade within cities.
Question 4:
Why would the early temple have been much like a house?
Early temples resembled houses due to several factors:
- 🏠 They were small and modest in size, just like the houses of the period.
- ⛪ Design similarities: Temples had open courtyards surrounded by rooms, which was a common architectural style for homes at that time.
- 🕌 Residence of gods: Temples were considered the dwelling places of gods, and much like homes housed people, temples were built as abodes for deities. The simplicity of the temple structure reflects this early stage in religious architecture.
Question 5:
Of the new institutions that came into being once city life had begun, which would have depended on the initiative of the king?
Several institutions emerged as cities developed, and many were driven by the leadership and initiative of kings:
- 🏛️ Temples: Kings often played a role in the construction and maintenance of temples, as religion was closely tied to their authority.
- ⚖️ Trade and seal-making: To facilitate trade and protect economic interests, kings promoted the use of seals, which acted as a mark of ownership and authenticity.
- 🎨 Sculpture and art: Royal patronage often spurred the creation of monumental art and sculptures, which were used to glorify kings and their gods.
- 📝 Writing: The development of administrative systems, such as record-keeping and law, was often overseen by the king’s administration.
Question 6:
What do ancient stories tell us about the civilization of Mesopotamia?
📜 Ancient stories provide valuable insights into the culture, society, and history of Mesopotamia:
- Geography and Society: Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, had a well-developed society divided into three classes:
- The upper class lived a life of luxury.
- The middle class consisted of merchants, artisans, and farmers.
- The lower class included laborers and slaves.
- Economy: 🌾 Agriculture was the main occupation, and the people were prosperous due to fertile lands and irrigation techniques. Religion played an important role in daily life, with temples like the Ziggurat dedicated to various gods, including Shamas, the Sun god.
- Flood Myth: A striking similarity between the Mesopotamian and biblical stories is the flood narrative:
- According to Mesopotamian tradition, Ziusudra (or Utnapishtim) built an ark to save his family and species from a divine flood, much like Noah’s story in the Bible. These stories symbolize survival, divine intervention, and the renewal of life after destruction. 🌊🛶
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